[Nos. 19072-2-III; 19073-1-III. Division Three. February 6, 2001.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. WILMA L. DYRESON, ET AL., Appellants.
[1] Criminal Law - Evidence - Suppression - Findings of Fact - Failure To Assign Error - Effect. Findings of fact entered by a trial court following a CrR 3.6 suppression hearing are binding on appeal and are not subject to independent review if no error is assigned to them.
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[2] Criminal Law - Evidence - Suppression - Conclusions of Law - Review - Standard of Review. Conclusions of law entered by a trial court in support of a ruling on a motion to suppress evidence are reviewed de novo.
[3] Searches and Seizures - Constitutional Provisions - State and Federal Provisions - Different Constructions - In General. Const. art. I, § 7 provides broader protection against unreasonable searches and seizures than does the Fourth Amendment.
[4] Searches and Seizures - Constitutional Provisions - State and Federal Provisions - State Constitutional Analysis - Exclusion of Federal Analysis. When it is appropriate to analyze a claim of unreasonable search or seizure under Const. art. I, § 7, a Fourth Amendment analysis need not be addressed.
[5] Constitutional Law - Construction - State and Federal Provisions - Priority of Consideration. When a violation of both the state and federal constitutions is alleged, a court may begin its analysis with the state constitution.
[6] Searches and Seizures -Warrant - Affidavit - Sufficiency - Unlawfully Obtained Information - Effect. Unlawfully obtained information related in an affidavit of probable cause submitted with an application for a search warrant may not be considered in determining if probable cause exists to issue the warrant.
[7] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Search - Validity - In General. A warrantless search that does not fall within a recognized exception to the warrant requirement is per se unreasonable under both the Fourth Amendment and Const. art. I, § 7.
[8] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Search - Validity - Burden of Proof. The State has the burden of proving that a warrantless search is justified under a recognized exception to the warrant requirement.
[9] Searches and Seizures - Open View - Rightful Vantage Point - Necessity. The open view doctrine does not apply if the observation is made from a constitutionally protected place not open to the public.
[10] Searches and Seizures - Expectation of Privacy - Constitutional Protection - Federal Constitution. The Fourth Amendment protects from governmental intrusions those places where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.
[11] Constitutional Law - Right to Privacy - State Guaranty - Scope. Const. art. I, § 7 protects privacy interests that citizens of this state have traditionally and justifiably held safe from governmental trespass without a warrant.
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[12] Constitutional Law - Right to Privacy - State Guaranty - Entry Onto Property - Factors. In determining whether a police officer's entry onto private property violates Const. art. I, § 7, a court considers the nature of the property, the owner's reasonable expectation of privacy, and the nature of the intrusion.
[13] Searches and Seizures - Expectation of Privacy - Private Dwelling - In General. The constitutional protection against warrantless searches applies most strongly to a person's home.
[14] Searches and Seizures - Curtilage - Constitutional Protection. The curtilage of a private residence is protected by the Fourth Amendment.
[15] Searches and Seizures - Curtilage - Area Impliedly Open to Public - Substantial Departure - In General. Although a police officer on legitimate business may enter the curtilage of a private residence that is impliedly open to the public, such as an access route to the house, in the same manner as a reasonably respectful citizen, the scope of the implied invitation is exceeded, and the officer intrudes upon a constitutionally protected expectation of privacy, if the officer makes a substantial and unreasonable departure from the area impliedly open to the public or engages in a particularly intrusive method of viewing.
[16] Searches and Seizures - Expectation of Privacy - Private Dwelling - Garage - Open Door. The interior of a garage located on residential property is a private place within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and Const. art. I, § 7, and a door left open to the garage does not impliedly open the garage to the general public; i.e., a reasonably respectful citizen would not feel free to enter the garage without the owner's consent.
[17] Searches and Seizures - Curtilage - Area Impliedly Open to Public - Substantial Departure - Reasonableness - Determination. The reasonableness of a police officer's departure from the area of a curtilage impliedly open to the public to a place that is not impliedly open to the public is determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of the immediate case, with particular attention paid to the purpose for which the departure was made and whether there were alternatives available to the officer.
[18] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Entry - Consent - Instruction To "Look In" Building. When a police officer looking for a particular person at the person's residence is told by another person on the premises to "go look in" a particular structure on the property, the police officer has not necessarily been granted permission to enter the structure.
[19] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Entry - Looking for Owner. A police officer's warrantless entry into a protected place is not justified by the officer's purpose of merely looking for the owner
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of the place.
[20] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Entry - Inability To Catch Occupant's Attention. A police officer's warrantless entry into a protected place is not justified by the officer's inability to catch the attention of anyone inside by knocking or calling out.
[21] Searches and Seizures - Plain View - Prior Justification for Intrusion - Necessity. A police officer's observation of incriminating evidence is not justified by the plain view doctrine if the officer does not have a legally justifiable reason for being in the place where the observation is made.
[22] Searches and Seizures - Exclusionary Rule - In General. Evidence seized in execution of an invalid search warrant must be suppressed.
Nature of Action: Prosecutions for unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Evidence of the crimes was discovered by a police officer after he had entered the garage of the defendants' residence through an open door in an attempt to contact the defendants about an unrelated police matter.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Spokane County, No. 99-1-01472-4, Gregory D. Sypolt, J., entered a judgment of guilty on January 24, 2000.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the police officer's observation of the incriminating evidence was made from an unlawful vantage point and that the evidence should have been suppressed, the court reverses the judgment.
David N. Gasch, for appellants.
Steven J. Tucker, Prosecuting Attorney, and Kevin M. Korsmo and Andrew J. Metts III, Deputies, for respondent.
BROWN, A.C.J. - After a stipulated facts trial, Wilma Dyreson and Danny Lee Austin were found guilty of possessing marijuana seen by a detective after a warrantless entry into the appellants' garage. We decide the trial court
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erred by denying suppression of the marijuana seized under a subsequent warrant because the detective's affidavit was based upon an observation from an unlawful vantage point. Accordingly, we reverse.
FACTS
The facts are mainly drawn from the unchallenged CrR 3.6 findings. Spokane County Sheriffs Detective Steven Barbieri went to the residence of appellants Wilma Dyreson, and Danny Austin to contact them regarding an unrelated police matter. Detective Barbieri was unable to contact appellants at the house. A renter at the property told the detective to look in the shed/garage to see if appellants were there.
As Detective Barbieri approached the garage, he heard loud music. Although Detective Barbieri knocked on the open garage door and identified himself, he heard no response. Detective Barbieri believed it might be difficult for someone inside the garage to hear him, so he entered the building through the open door.
Detective Barbieri went about halfway into the garage. He was unable to find appellants, but he saw marijuana in a tray near the back of the garage. He could not see the tray from the threshold of the building. Detective Barbieri left the property and returned several days later with a search warrant and seized the marijuana.
The State charged appellants with one count of possessing marijuana. Appellants unsuccessfully moved to suppress the marijuana. After the court entered consistent findings of fact and conclusions of law, appellants were convicted following a stipulated facts trial. We consolidated Ms. Dyreson and Mr. Austin's separate appeals.
ISSUE
Did the trial court err by denying suppression of the marijuana and concluding Detective Barbieri's warrantless
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entry into the appellants' open garage to a point where the marijuana could be seen was proper under open view principles considering the renter's direction to look for the appellants there?
ANALYSIS
[1, 2] Appellants do not challenge the CrR 3.6 findings. Unchallenged findings are binding on appeal and thus not subject to independent review. State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 644-45, 870 P.2d 313 (1994). This court reviews the trial court's conclusions of law pertaining to suppression of evidence de novo. State v. Mendez, 137 Wn.2d 208, 214, 970 P.2d 722 (1999).
Appellants argue violations of both the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 of our state constitution. The State contends the marijuana was observed in "open view" from an area of the curtilage impliedly open to the public. Significantly, the State disavows any contention that Detective Barbieri acted with apparent authority derived from the renter when entering the garage. Br. of Resp't at 8. While the court did not enter findings or conclusions regarding the renter, it mentioned the reasonableness of following the renter's instructions.
[3-5] It is well settled that article I, section 7 provides broader protection against unreasonable search and seizure than the Fourth Amendment. See State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 347-48, 979 P.2d 833 (1999). When an analysis under article I, section 7 is appropriate, a Fourth Amendment analysis need not be addressed. State v. Gave, 77 Wn. App. 333, 337, 890 P.2d 1088 (1995). It is appropriate to begin our analysis under the state constitution. State v. Thorson, 98 Wn. App. 528, 531, 990 P.2d 446 (1999), review denied, 140 Wn.2d 1027 (2000). Recently, the Supreme Court blended state and federal search and seizure analyses in concluding that a premise search violated both constitutions. See State v. Ross, 141 Wn.2d 304, 312-14, 4 P.3d 130 (2000). We employ a combination of the Ross and
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Thorson analyses in our review here.
[6] Here, the initial entry was warrantless. "It is well-established that if information contained in an affidavit of probable cause for a search warrant was obtained by an unconstitutional search, that information may not be used to support the warrant." Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 311-12 (citing State v. Johnson, 75 Wn. App. 692, 709, 879 P.2d 984 (1994)). The affidavit supporting the search warrant relies on Deputy Barbieri's observation from inside the garage. Consequently, this appeal turns on whether the deputy's entry into the building was constitutional.
[7, 8] "We begin with the well-recognized principle that warrantless searches are per se unreasonable under both the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 of our state constitution unless they fall within a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions." Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 312 (citing State v. Myers, 117 Wn.2d 332, 337, 815 P.2d 761 (1991)). The burden is on the State to prove one of these exceptions applies. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 349-50.
[9] Here, the State relies on the "open view" exception to the warrant requirement, which applies when an officer observes contraband from a "nonconstitutionally protected area." State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 10, 726 P.2d 445 (1986) (citing State v. Seagull, 95 Wn.2d 898, 901-02, 632 P.2d 44 (1981)). "Under the 'open view' doctrine, detection by an officer who is lawfully present at the vantage point and able to detect something by utilization of one or more of his senses does not constitute a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment." Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 313 (citing Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 901; State v. Young, 123 Wn.2d 173, 182, 867 P.2d 593 (1994)). An "open view" observation is not a search at all but may provide probable cause for a constitutionally executed search. See State v. Bobic, 140 Wn.2d 250, 254, 255, 258-59, 996 P.2d 610 (2000).
[10, 11] Here, Detective Barbieri's vantage point was inside the garage and curtilage, where constitutional protections normally extend. Thus, the threshold federal constitutional question is whether Detective Barbieri "in-
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truded upon a privacy expectation deserving of Fourth Amendment protection." Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 902 (citing Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1967)). By contrast, the "ultimate question" under our state constitution is whether the detective "violated a privacy interest which citizens of this state have traditionally and justifiably held safe from governmental trespass absent a warrant" when he entered the garage. Thorson, 98 Wn. App. at 533.
[12] The Thorson court, citing State v. Myrick, 102 Wn.2d 506, 688 P.2d 151 (1984), aptly noted that resolution of the state constitutional claim required the reviewing court "to look to the nature of the property, the expectation of privacy it reasonably supports, and the nature of the intrusion." Thorson, 98 Wn. App. at 533. An examination of these factors necessarily requires some deference to "traditional Fourth Amendment concepts." Thorson, 98 Wn. App. at 532-33.
[13, 14] Constitutional protection against warrantless searches applies most strongly to a person's home. Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 312. The Fourth Amendment's "umbrella" of protection extends to a home's curtilage. Id. (quoting State v. Ridgway, 57 Wn. App. 915, 918, 790 P.2d 1263 (1990)). Both parties agree the shed/garage lies within the curtilage of appellants' residence.
[15] "An officer with legitimate business, when acting in the same manner as a reasonably respectful citizen, is permitted to enter the curtilage areas of a private residence which are impliedly open, such as access routes to the house." Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 312 (citing Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 902; State v. Rose, 128 Wn.2d 388, 392, 909 P.2d 280 (1996)). "However, a substantial and unreasonable departure from such an area, or a particularly intrusive method of viewing, will exceed the scope of the implied invitation and intrude upon a constitutionally protected expectation of privacy." Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 903. All parties agree the detective was initially engaged in legitimate police business.
Given the above, two questions arise. First, was the
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interior of the garage an area of the curtilage impliedly open to the public? Second, if the answer is no, did Detective Barbieri substantially and unreasonably depart from the impliedly open areas of the curtilage or engage in a particularly intrusive method of viewing so as to impermissibly intrude into appellants' reasonable expectations of privacy when he crossed the threshold of the garage? We turn now to our analysis of the first question.
Generally, areas of the curtilage impliedly open to the public include the driveway, walkway, or access route leading to the residence. State v. Hoke, 72 Wn. App. 869, 866 P.2d 670 (1994). But if a portion of the driveway is hidden from public view and does not lead directly to the house, it may fall outside the impliedly open areas of the curtilage. See State v. Daugherty, 94 Wn.2d 263, 268-69, 616 P.2d 649 (1980) (resident had reasonable expectation of privacy in particular area of driveway depriving officer of lawful right to view interior of garage from threshold). The guiding principle is that a police officer on legitimate business may go where any "reasonably respectful citizen" may go. Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 902.
No case in Washington exists holding that the exposed interior of a residential garage is impliedly open to the public. In Minnesota a police officer may enter an open garage without a warrant to knock on a door connecting the garage to an attached house. Tracht v. Comm'r of Pub. Safety, 592 N.W.2d 863, 865 (Minn. App. 1999) (reasoning that the officer's entry was analogous to entry onto a porch under the Fourth Amendment). But, because no such door exists here, any analogy to Tracht is inapt.
[16, 17] In sum, we conclude an open garage door does not impliedly open the curtilage to a reasonably respectful citizen. See Thorson, 98 Wn. App. at 536-37. In other words, no reasonably respectful citizen would feel free to enter the garage without the owner's consent. See id. at 535-36. Therefore, it follows that Detective Barbieri left the impliedly open area of the curtilage once he crossed the threshold of the garage. Given this conclusion we turn to
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the next question of whether Detective Barbieri's departure infringed upon a constitutionally protected expectation of privacy. Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 903.
"What is reasonable cannot be determined by a fixed formula." Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 903. "It must be based on the facts and circumstances of each case." Id. (citing Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 33, 83 S. Ct. 1623, 10 L. Ed. 2d 726 (1963)). The Supreme Court recently disapproved of treating the Seagull "factors" as fixed and reinforced the notion that a reviewing court must consider " 'the facts and circumstances of each case.' " Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 309 n.l (quoting Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 903). Thus, the Seagull "factors" are merely illustrative. Here, we have already reasoned the officer did not properly keep his distance and exceeded the scope of any implied invitation, a factor similar to those considered in Seagull.
Additionally, the officer's initial purpose of going to the garage was to locate Ms. Dyreson and Mr. Austin. This purpose could be accomplished by merely looking into the open garage to see if they were present. Thus, Detective Barbieri's intrusion was exploratory beyond that minimally necessary to accomplish his stated purpose. In other words, Detective Barbieri intruded into a place where appellants had a reasonable expectation of privacy. Generally, the possessors of fully enclosed structures have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of those structures. See, e.g., United States v. Wright, 991 F.2d 1182, 1186 (4th Cir. 1993) (barn located outside curtilage).
Regarding garages, an appellate court in Illinois held that once a person opens the overhead door of his garage and exposes its interior to public view, he abandons any legitimate expectation of privacy in the garage, its contents, and his activities therein. People v. Hobson, 169 I11. App. 3d 485, 525 N.E.2d 895, 898, 121 I11. Dec. 588 (1988). But Hobson does not stand for the proposition that one may go beyond a lawful vantage point to search inside a garage. Illustrative is a North Dakota case where the court reasoned that the owner of an open garage lost his reasonable
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expectation of privacy regarding the contents and activities observable from an area where the officer had a right to be. Lubenow v. N.D. State Highway Comm'r, 438 N.W.2d 528, 532 (N.D. 1989). The Lubenow court further determined that the garage owner retained a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to a physical intrusion into the garage. Id. Similar reasoning is found in State v. Blumler, 458 N.W.2d 300, 302 (N.D. 1990) and State v. Winkler, 552 N.W.2d 347, 352 (N.D. 1996).
These North Dakota authorities are persuasive and consistent with the notion that the "Fourth Amendment operates on a downward ratcheting mechanism of diminishing expectations of privacy," State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833 (1999) (citing State v. Myrick, 102 Wn.2d 506, 511, 688 P.2d 151 (1984)), and the broader privacy protection provided under article I, section 7, see Myrick, 102 Wn.2d at 513. By leaving their garage door open, appellants merely lost their expectation of privacy in those objects and activities observable by a visitor who may be lawfully standing at the threshold. Lubenow, 438 N.W.2d at 532. Here, Detective Barbieri could not see the marijuana from the open doorway; thus his later observation could not support a warrant. If the detective had merely peered into the open garage from a lawful vantage point and seen contraband, then the State's argument would then be apt. See, e.g., Wright, 991 F.2d at 1186 (officer observed evidence through open door of barn loft).
[18, 19] The State next argues that Detective Barbieri reasonably relied on the instructions of the "renter" in entering the garage to contact the appellants. The State's contention is unpersuasive; the unchallenged finding of the trial court is that the renter told the detective "to go look in the shed." But looking into a building is not the same as crossing its threshold. See State v. Vonhof, 51 Wn. App. 33, 40, 751 P.2d 1221 (1988); see also Daughenbaugh v. City of Tiffin, 150 F.3d 594, 602 (6th Cir. 1998) (noting that visual inspection from lawful vantage point "quite different" from "physical assault" on protected area). Moreover, merely
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looking for the owner of the garage is not an accepted circumstance justifying a warrantless entry.
[20] The State next argues loud music made it reasonable for the detective to enter the building to contact the appellants. But one does not reasonably enter a residence merely because nobody answers the doorbell or a knock no matter whether loud music is playing or not. Here, crossing the garage threshold after knocking and calling out is no different. Thus, this argument is also unpersuasive.
[21] We conclude that the open view exception does not apply because Detective Barbieri's vantage point intruded on the appellants' reasonable expectation of privacy. Seagull, 95 Wn.2d at 902-03. Correspondingly, the "plain view" doctrine does not apply because the State cannot show Detective Barbieri had a legally justifiable reason for being inside the garage in the first place. Id. at 901-02.
[22] In sum, the State does not show any exception to the general rule requiring a warrant applies here. See State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 70, 917 P.2d 563 (1996). Detective Barbieri entered the garage without a warrant or other legally recognized cause. His entry intruded on the appellants' private affairs and their reasonable expectation of privacy. Consequently, the entry was unconstitutional under both the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7. Therefore, the marijuana should have been suppressed because the affidavit for the warrant relied entirely on Detective Barbieri's impermissible observation. Ross, 141 Wn.2d at 314-15. Absent the marijuana, insufficient evidence exists to support the possession charge. State v. Kinzy, 141 Wn.2d 373, 396, 5 P.3d 668 (2000), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 843 (2001).
CONCLUSION
The trial court erred when denying the defense motion to suppress the marijuana because it improperly concluded the warrantless entry into the appellants' garage was proper under open view principles. Detective Barbieri was
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not in a lawful vantage point when he observed the contraband.
Reversed.
SWEENEY and KATO, JJ., concur.