Sept. 1991
[Nos. 13262-1-II; 13556-6-II. Division Two. September 26, 1991.]
STATE v. GUERIN
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. ANTOINE L. GUERIN, Appellant.
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. CHARLES G. PERKINS, Appellant.
[1] Statutes – Construction – Legislative Intent – In General. Related statutes are construed so as to give effect to the Legislature's intent.
[2] Statutes – Construction – Meaningful Interpretation. A statute will not be construed in a manner that renders it meaningless.
[3] Criminal Law – Punishment – Sentence – Conditions – Community Placement – Exceptional Term. When a community placement sentence is authorized under RCW 9.94A-.120(8)(a), a sentencing court has authority to impose an exceptional term of community placement that does not exceed the statutory maximum term for the crime.
[4] Criminal Law – Punishment – Sentence – Conditions – Community Placement – Limitation. A sentencing court has no authority to impose a term of community placement for a defendant convicted of a crime that does not satisfy the standards set forth in RCW 9.94A.120(8)(a).
[5] Appeal – Findings of Fact – Failure To Assign Error – Effect. By not challenging findings of fact in the trial court, a party waives its right to challenge them on appeal.
[6] Juveniles – Witnesses – Competency – Juveniles – Independent Recollection – Failure During Cross Examination. When a child witness's ability to independently recollect the events that are the subject of the testimony is established during direct examination, the child's inability to remember details of the events during cross examination goes to the weight of the child's testimony rather than to its admissibility.
Nature of Action: Separate prosecutions for sexual offenses.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Kitsap County, No. 89-1-00073-1, Karen B. Conoley, J., on September 14, 1989, entered a judgment on defendant Guerin's plea of guilty of first degree rape and indecent liberties. The Superior Court for Kitsap County, No. 89-1-00348-0, Karen B. Conoley, J., on January 11, 1990, entered a judgment on a verdict finding defendant Perkins guilty of first degree child molestation. Each defendant was sentenced to an exceptional term of community placement.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the trial court had statutory authority to impose the exceptional term of community placement for defendant Perkins, but that it lacked authority to impose any community placement on defendant Guerin, and that a child victim was competent to testify, the court affirms defendant Perkins' conviction and sentence, reverses defendant Guerin's sentence, and remands the prosecution of defendant Guerin for resentencing.
Steven B. Dixon and Crawford, McGilliard, Peterson & Yelish, for appellants (appointed counsel for appeal).
C. Danny Clem, Prosecuting Attorney, and Irene K. Asai, Deputy, for respondent.
PETRICH, J. – In separate proceedings, Antoine L. Guerin and Charles G. Perkins were convicted of committing sexual offenses. «1»
«1» Guerin pleaded guilty to charges of first degree rape (count 1) and indecent liberties (count 2). The SRA standard range for count 1 is 36 to 48 months in prison; the maximum term is life. A jury found Perkins guilty of first degree child molestation. The SRA standard range is 26 to 34 months; the maximum term is 10 years.
Guerin appealed his exceptional sentence of 71 months in prison, with 15 years of "community placement supervision". Perkins appealed the trial court's admission of child hearsay, its determination of child competency, and his exceptional sentence of 68 months with "community placement supervision" for the remainder of the 10-year statutory maximum sentence. The Court of Appeals commissioners affirmed each sentence under RAP 18.15, Accelerated Review of Adult Sentencings. We granted each defendant's motion to modify and consolidated their appeals on one issue only: the validity of the imposition of an exceptional term of community placement. We will also consider the trial issues of child hearsay and child competency in Perkins's appeal. «2»
«2» In oral argument, Perkins's counsel addressed the validity of the sentence. However, he waived his right to oral argument on the trial issues.
Regarding Perkins's appeal, we affirm the trial court in all respects. In Guerin's appeal, we reverse the sentence and remand for resentencing.
We reach first the issue in the consolidated appeal: the validity of the imposition of exceptional terms of community placement. «3»
«3» "'Community placement' means a one-year period during which the offender is subject to the conditions of community custody and/or postrelease supervision, which begins either upon completion of the term of confinement (post release supervision) or at such time as the offender is transferred to community custody in lieu of earned early release. Community placement may consist of entirely community custody, entirely postrelease supervision, or a combination of the two." Former RCW 9.94A.030(4) (renumbered subsection (5) by Laws of 1989, ch. 252, § 2).
Here, in each case, the trial court sentenced the defendant to an exceptional term of "community placement supervision". We consider this to be community placement rather than community supervision because it is scheduled to begin after each defendant completes his term of total confinement, which is a characteristic unique to community placement. See former RCW 9.94A.030(4), (6), (12); RCW 9.94A.120(8)(a).
Community placement is provided for in RCW 9.94A-.120(8)(a), which requires the trial court to sentence an offender to 1 year of community placement for any of the crimes listed therein. One such crime is "an offense categorized as a sex offense". Consequently, when a trial court sentences a person for a sex offense committed on or after July 1, 1988, "the court shall in addition to the other terms of the sentence, sentence the offender to a one-year term of community placement . . .." RCW 9.94A.120(8)(a).
[1] The statutory scheme leaves unclear (1) whether trial courts can require a term of community placement in an exceptional sentence and (2) whether they can impose an exceptional duration of community placement. Our role in construing the sentencing scheme is to discover and effectuate the Legislature's intent. State v. Bernhard, 108 Wn.2d 527, 533, 741 P.2d 1 (1987), overruled on other grounds in State v. Shove, 113 Wn.2d 83, 776 P.2d 132 (1989).
State v. Bernhard, supra, is analogous. There, the Supreme Court held that a sentencing judge may employ an exceptional sentence to depart from the strictures ordinarily applicable to both the duration and conditions of community supervision under a standard range sentence. Bernhard, 108 Wn.2d at 537. «4»
«4» We note that the community supervision must first be permitted by statute. As we stated in State v. Skillman, 60 Wn. App. 837, 841, 809 P.2d 756 (1991), "the Supreme Court held (in Bernhard) that where community supervision was authorized as an element of the sentence, the trial court could impose reasonable conditions of supervision not listed in the authorizing statute. It did not hold that the trial court could include community supervision as an element of a sentence when there was no statutory authority to do so."
Once the trial court finds grounds for an exceptional sentence, it is not limited to a length of 2 years for community supervision, see RCW 9.94A.120(7)(a), 9.94A-.383, and it is not limited to imposing conditions that qualify as "crime-related prohibitions", see former RCW 9.94A-.030(6), (9). Bernhard, at 538, 540. The Bernhard court reasoned that the Legislature intended that the exceptional sentencing provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, RCW 9.94A (SRA) enable trial courts to tailor sentences for individual situations that do not fit the predetermined structure. Bernhard, at 540-42.
[2, 3] Although Bernhard deals with exceptional conditions of community supervision, RCW 9.94A.120(7), the similarities between community supervision and community placement, RCW 9.94A.120(8), allow us to apply the Bernhard rationale here. Both community supervision and community placement provisions extend the trial court's discretionary range to the duration and conditions when a sentence is imposed. See, e.g., Bernhard, 108 Wn.2d at 538. Also, both authorize imposition of a term of community supervision or placement designed to further the protection and personal self-improvement objectives of the SRA.
To hold otherwise would probably render meaningless RCW 9.94A.120(11), which provides that
[e]xcept as provided under RCW 9.94A.140(1) and 9.94A-.142(1), a court may not impose a sentence providing for a term of confinement or community supervision or community placement which exceeds the statutory maximum for the crime as provided in chapter 9A.20 RCW.
This statute only makes sense if a trial court can impose an exceptional term of community placement that does not exceed the statutory maximum. We avoid construing a statute in such a way that renders its enactment meaningless. Kirk v. Moe, 114 Wn.2d 550, 554, 789 P.2d 84 (1990).
Thus, we hold that trial courts may impose an exceptional term of community placement that does not exceed the statutory maximum when community placement is authorized. «5»
«5» State v. Stevens, 58 Wn. App. 478, 504, 794 P.2d 38, review denied, 115 Wn.2d 1025 (1990) invalidated a requirement to complete a postrelease sexual deviancy treatment plan. We decline to follow Stevens for two reasons. First, the State in Stevens conceded the issue of whether there was authority to impose such treatment. Stevens, at 503. Second, the Stevens court relies on authority that construes the imposition of community supervision as part of a standard range sentence. Stevens, at 504.
We affirm Perkins's sentence under this holding.
[4] However, the facts in Guerin's case require our reversal of his sentence. The community placement statute only applies to offenses committed on or after July 1, 1988. RCW 9.94A.120(8). Guerin committed sexual offenses on or about June 30, 1988. Because he committed the offenses before the statute took effect, the trial court had no statutory authority to require community placement. State v. Skillman, 60 Wn. App. 837, 841, 809 P.2d 756 (1991) (trial courts cannot impose community placement unless it is an authorized element of the sentence). Thus, we remand for resentencing in Guerin's case.
Next, we address Perkins's contention that the trial court erred in holding that a child witness was competent to testify and in admitting child hearsay statements. A factual recitation is unnecessary because the trial court conducted the appropriate pretrial hearings and entered detailed findings covering the competency and hearsay issues in those hearings. Perkins has challenged none of them.
[5] The findings show that the trial court correctly applied the factors for determining competency outlined in State v. Allen, 70 Wn.2d 690, 424 P.2d 1021 (1967), and the factors for ruling on the admissibility of child hearsay set forth in State v. Ryan, 103 Wn.2d 165, 691 P.2d 197 (1984). Perkins's failure to challenge these findings forecloses review of his contentions on these issues, except on the issue of the child victim's testimonial competence. State v. Harris, 106 Wn.2d 784, 790, 725 P.2d 975 (1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 940 (1987). See also State v. Jones, 112 Wn.2d 488, 499, 772 P.2d 496 (1989); State v. Hunnel, 52 Wn. App. 380, 382, 760 P.2d 947 (1988) (rule applies even though no rule or statute required findings).
Perkins contends that the child did not have an independent recollection of the event at the time of trial. As noted above, the trial court's findings support its conclusion that at the time of the pretrial hearings, the child was competent to testify. However, at trial, Perkins made a new objection regarding the child's competency. He asked the trial court to reconsider its determination of child competency because the child demonstrated on cross examination that she did not have an independent recollection of the event.
Perkins properly renewed his objection at trial that the child may have become incompetent between the time of the pretrial hearings on September 20, 1989, and November 6, 1989, and the time of trial on November 9, 1989, and November 13, 1989. There, he objected on grounds of inadequate independent recollection; therefore, we limit our review to this factor.
During direct examination at trial, the child indicated that "Daddy" touched her inside her underwear with his hands, at home, while Mommy was at work. He told her that she would get a spanking if she told Mommy. This testimony was consistent with her testimony in the pretrial hearings. On cross examination, the child was unable to answer most of defense counsel's questions.
[6] We agree with the trial court and find that the child was competent to testify at trial because her previous testimony on direct examination established her independent recollection. Her inability to remember details on cross examination can be attributed to fatigue or whim. Consequently, her ability to independently recollect the incident on cross examination went to weight rather than admissibility. See Jenkins v. Snohomish Cy. PUD 1, 105 Wn.2d 99, 103, 713 P.2d 79 (1986). As such, there is no reversible error.
We affirm Perkins's conviction and sentence. We reverse Guerin's sentence and remand for sentencing.
WORSWICK, C.J., and ALEXANDER, J., concur.
Review denied at 118 Wn.2d 1015 (1992).