[No. 78247-4. En Banc.]
Argued February 13, 2007. Decided April 3, 2008.
[1] Witnesses — Immunity — Scope — Question of Law or Fact — Review — Standard of Review. The applicability of witness immunity is a question of law that is determined de novo by an appellate court. [2] Witnesses — Immunity — Purpose. In general, witnesses in judicial proceedings are absolutely immune from suit founded on their testimony in order to preserve the integrity of the judicial process by encouraging full and frank testimony. [3] Witnesses — Immunity — Scope — Witness Preparation. Witness immunity applies not only to testimony, but also to the basis of a witness's testimony, i.e., to the acts and communications occurring in connection with the preparation of the witness's testimony. [4] Witnesses — Immunity — Scope — Family Court Proceedings — Guardians, Therapists, Attorneys — In General. Witness immunity applies to guardians, therapists, and attorneys who submit reports to family court. [5] Statutes — Construction — Common Law — Knowledge of Common Law — Presumption. The legislature is presumed to know the law in the area in which it is legislating. [6] Statutes — Construction — Common Law — Derogation of Common Law — Clear Intent — Necessity. A statute will not be construed in derogation of the common law absent express legislative intent to change the law. [7] Constitutional Law — Separation of Powers — Legislative Encroachment — Judiciary — Abrogation of Common Law Rule of Judicial Administration — Substantive Rights and Enforcement Mechanism. The separation of powers doctrine is not violated by the abrogation of a common law rule of judicial administration by legislation creating and enforcing substantive rights. [8] Witnesses — Immunity — Patient Health Care Information — Statutory Preemption — Uniform Health Care Information Act. Common law witness immunity does not apply to disclosures made in violation of the Uniform Health Care Information Act (chapter 70.02 RCW). Common law witness immunity, as applied to a health care provider's testimony regarding patient treatment, is preempted by RCW 70.02.060(1), (2) and .170 of the act, which expressly provide a cause of action against a health care provider who releases treatment information to a third party without a discovery request or compulsory process and timely notice to the patient. [9] Witnesses — Immunity — Scope — Information Acquired in Prelitigation Confidential Professional Relationship — Relationship Formed for Nonlitigation Purposes. The common law rule of witness immunity may apply, depending on the circumstances, to a witness's disclosures of information that the witness acquired in a prelitigation confidential professional relationship that was formed for nonlitigation purposes. [10] Medical Treatment — Malpractice — Witness Immunity Doctrine — Effect. The common law witness immunity doctrine does not apply to shield a health care professional from suit for negligent diagnosis or treatment merely because the health care professional has been a witness whose testimony touched on that treatment; i.e., a health care provider cannot, by testifying in a court proceeding about treatment, immunize himself or herself from a malpractice suit based on negligent diagnosis or treatment. [11] Medical Treatment — Medical Records — Uniform Health Care Information Act — Violation — Appearance as Witness. A health care professional's mere appearance as a witness in a judicial proceeding on behalf of a party for whom the professional has provided professional services will not support a third party's action for violation of the Uniform Health Care Information Act (chapter 70.02 RCW), even if the professional also provided professional services to the third party. [12] Waiver — Statutory Rights — In General. Statutory rights generally can be waived. [13] Medical Treatment — Medical Records — Uniform Health Care Information Act — Waiver — Failure To Object. Confidentiality rights under the Uniform Health Care Information Act (chapter 70.02 RCW) can be waived by a failure to raise a Uniform Health Care Information Act objection to testimony given in a judicial proceeding relating information protected by the act. [14] Medical Treatment — Medical Records — Uniform Health Care Information Act — Attorney Fees — Successful and Unsuccessful Claims — Segregation of Fees. Attorney fees are awardable under RCW 70.02.170(2) of the Uniform Health Care Information Act only for successful claims and not for unsuccessful claims. When a plaintiff alleging multiple claims under the act prevails on some but not all of the claims, attorney fees must be segregated, if possible. CHAMBERS and SANDERS, JJ., concur by separate opinion; STEPHENS, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case. Nature of Action: Action against a marriage guidance counselor for violating the Uniform Health Care Information Act and for professional negligence. The plaintiff alleged that the guidance counselor improperly disclosed confidential health care information in a child placement proceeding and to a guardian ad litem and failed to safeguard the plaintiff's treatment records. The plaintiff sought emotional distress damages for both claims, actual damages and attorney fees for the Uniform Health Care Information Act claims, and actual damages for the professional negligence claim. Superior Court: After dismissing claims related to the guidance counselor's appearance and testimony at the child placement proceeding and directing verdicts in favor of the plaintiff that the defendant violated the Uniform Health Care Information Act in two instances, the Superior Court for Spokane County, No. 01-2-06784-7, Kathleen M. O'Connor, J., on February 9, 2004, entered a judgment in favor of the plaintiff on a verdict finding the guidance counselor liable in negligence for one of the violations and not liable for the other. The jury awarded the plaintiff economic damages for the amount of his counseling costs. The court also awarded attorney fees to the plaintiff. Court of Appeals: The court affirmed the judgment in part, reversed it in part, and remanded the case for further proceedings at 131 Wn. App. 28 (2005), holding that the Uniform Health Care Information Act prevails over witness immunity as to the statutory claims; that the malpractice claims relating to the guidance counselor's appearance and testimony are not barred by the witness immunity rule; and that the plaintiff may be entitled to unsegregated attorney fees and costs on remand, contingent on the jury's awarding damages on retrial. Supreme Court: Holding that the witness immunity rule applies to preclude the plaintiff's negligence claims based on the guidance counselor's appearance and testimony in the child placement proceeding, that the plaintiff's Uniform Health Care Information Act claims are foreclosed because the guidance counselor appeared in the proceeding as a witness for the plaintiff's ex-wife and because the plaintiff failed to object to the guidance counselor's testimony on Uniform Health Care Information Act grounds, and that the trial court properly determined attorney fees, the court reverses in part the decision of the Court of Appeals. Christopher J. Kerley- and James B. King- (of Evans, Craven & Lackie, PS) and Mary H. Spillane- (of Williams Kastner & Gibbs), for petitioners. Mary E. Schultz- (of Mary Schultz Law, PS), for respondent. En Banc ¶1 MADSEN, J. — Petitioner Jolene Earin provided counseling to respondent Pardner Wynn, individually and then jointly with his wife. The Wynns divorced, and Ms. Earin provided information obtained during the counseling to the guardian ad litem for the children. She also appeared and testified on Ms. Wynn's behalf at the hearing to determine child placement. Mr. Wynn sued Ms. Earin for emotional distress resulting from alleged violations of the Uniform Health Care Information Act (Health Care Information Act or Act), chapter 70.02 RCW, and for negligence, alleging violations of the standard of care for mental health counselors. The trial court concluded Ms. Earin was entitled to absolute witness immunity from suit for any claims based on her testimony. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed, holding that witness immunity does not apply to confidential health care information disclosed in contravention of the Health Care Information Act or to information obtained in a prelitigation professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes. ¶2 We conclude that witness immunity does not apply to information disclosed in violation of the Health Care Information Act and affirm this ruling of the Court of Appeals. However, we reverse the Court of Appeals' holding that witness immunity does not apply to testimony relating to information acquired during a professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes. Depending on the circumstances, witness immunity may apply to such testimony and in the specific circumstances of this case it does apply. ¶3 Although witness immunity does not preclude Mr. Wynn's statutory claims, those claims are otherwise barred. First, Ms. Earin was a witness for Mrs. Wynn, whom she had also counseled, and therefore we reject Mr. Wynn's claims based on Ms. Earin's appearance at the hearing to determine child placement. Second, as to her testimony, we find any challenge to the testimony waived. ¶4 The Court of Appeals also concluded that Mr. Wynn's statutory and malpractice claims are so intertwined that, absent "some principled way to sort out what caused what," Wynn v. Earin, 131 Wn. App. 28, 46, 125 P.3d 236 (2005), review granted, 158 Wn.2d 1001 (2006), he is entitled to attorney fees under the statute if he establishes the entire series of events that he claims caused his alleged damages. We conclude that because Mr. Wynn is not entitled to a retrial on any claims already dismissed, he is not entitled to all the attorneys fees and costs he seeks. We affirm the trial court's award of attorney fees and costs. FACTS ¶5 Beginning in September 1997, Ms. Earin, a certified mental health professional, provided individual counseling to Mr. Wynn followed by joint marital counseling for Wynn and his wife, Cynthia. She assured Mr. Wynn of confidentiality and he provided personal information. Ms. Earin also kept notes and records of the counseling sessions. By May 1998, Mr. Wynn viewed Ms. Earin as being sympathetic to his wife and hostile toward him, so he stopped seeing her. Ms. Earin continued to counsel Cynthia. ¶6 The Wynns began dissolution proceedings, with residential placement of their children in dispute. The court appointed a guardian ad litem for the children, Dr. Kim Chupurdia, PhD. As part of her investigation, Dr. Chupurdia contacted Ms. Earin by telephone. Dr. Chupurdia had obtained written authorizations from both Mr. Wynn and Mrs. Wynn allowing her to obtain information from Ms. Earin. Ms. Earin asked at the beginning of the conversation whether Dr. Chupurdia had a release, and Dr. Chupurdia said she did. However, Ms. Earin herself did not have a release in hand as required by the Health Care Information Act before disclosing confidential information obtained during counseling sessions. During the 20-minute conversation with Dr. Chupurdia, Ms. Earin provided a great deal of information, including a recommendation as to who should have custody of the children. She did so from memory because she did not have her records before her. Mrs. Earin maintains that she provided information only with respect to the joint counseling sessions and not information obtained when counseling Mr. Wynn individually. Mr. Wynn maintains she had an "agenda" against him and provided inaccurate information. He says that information in the guardian ad litem's report, derived from the conversation with Ms. Earin, was inaccurate, incomplete, and biased. ¶7 Subsequently, Ms. Earin was subpoenaed by Mr. Wynn's counsel for a deposition. In connection with this deposition, Mr. Wynn also requested his counseling records from Ms. Earin. Mr. Wynn requested the records from Ms. Earin for the purpose of refuting claims she made. In connection with this request, his counsel waived any privilege Mr. Wynn had in communications with Ms. Earin. Mr. Wynn later testified that he understood the waiver applied only for purposes of the deposition. Ms. Earin did not produce the records, first responding that they were not readily accessible. When Mr. Wynn obtained a court order to produce the records, Ms. Earin explained that the records had been stolen from her car. ¶8 At the hearing to determine child placement, Ms. Earin appeared and testified on Cynthia Wynn's behalf, providing information obtained during the counseling sessions. According to Mr. Wynn, she testified to information obtained during his private counseling sessions and exceeded the scope of the questions asked. However, Mr. Wynn did not object to her appearance at the hearing or her testimony on any grounds of privilege, confidentiality, or violation of the Health Care Information Act. The court ordered primary placement of the children with Mrs. Wynn. ¶9 On January 31, 2003, Mr. Wynn brought suit against Ms. Earin for actual damages resulting from alleged violations of the Health Care Information Act and for malpractice. He also sought attorney fees and costs under the Act. His claims, which overlapped, alleged, among other things, violations arising from Ms. Earin's disclosure of information from the counseling sessions to Dr. Chupurdia without a release in hand, her offer to testify in the hearing to determine child placement, her testimony at the hearing, and her failure to take reasonable safeguards to provide security for Mr. Wynn's counseling records, resulting in their loss. Mr. Wynn alleged that Ms. Earin's conduct constituted a "continuum" of misconduct, proximately causing him emotional distress damages. Ms. Earin denied all violations of the Act and all negligence. ¶10 Prior to trial, Ms. Earin obtained dismissal of claims related to her appearance and testimony at the hearing to determine child placement on the basis that these claims were barred by witness immunity. Accordingly, during the eight-day trial Mr. Wynn pursued his malpractice and statutory claims relating to Ms. Earin's conduct up to the time of the hearing, but he could not assert claims based on conduct after that. ¶11 At the close of evidence, the trial court directed a verdict in Mr. Wynn's favor that Ms. Earin violated the Health Care Information Act by talking to Dr. Chupurdia by phone without having Mr. Wynn's written release. The question whether this was also negligence went to the jury, which found it was negligent but not a proximate cause of any damages. ¶12 The trial court also directed a verdict in Mr. Wynn's favor that leaving his records in an unlocked car, from which they were stolen, violated the Heath Care Information Act and was negligent as a matter of law. The jury determined this was a proximate cause of damages, and awarded $2,790 for economic damages, the amount of counseling expense that Mr. Wynn incurred in treatment by another mental health care provider. ¶13 Mr. Wynn requested $119,432 in attorney fees and $11,006 in costs pursuant to RCW 70.02.170(2). The trial court segregated the work it thought was necessary to establish the two statutory violations, estimating that this was 10 percent of the total effort, and awarded $11,900 in fees and $1,100 in costs. ¶14 Mr. Wynn appealed, raising a number of issues. Those relevant at this stage of the proceedings are that the trial court erred in applying witness immunity to Ms. Earin's appearance and testimony at the hearing to determine child placement, and that the trial court erred in awarding only part of the attorney fees and costs requested. The Court of Appeals reversed on both of these issues, holding that the Health Care Information Act prevails over witness immunity as to the statutory claims; that the malpractice claims relating to Earin's appearance and testimony are not barred by the witness immunity rule, either; and that Mr. Wynn may be entitled to unsegregated attorney fees and costs on remand, contingent on a jury's damage award on retrial. Wynn, 131 Wn. App. 28. ANALYSIS ¶15 The trial court held that witness immunity applies to preclude all of Mr. Wynn's claims founded on Ms. Earin's appearance and testimony at trial. In light of this conclusion, the trial court did not decide other issues regarding these claims. Similarly, the parties raise a number of issues in this court, but as the trial court recognized, it is necessary to address other issues related to a particular claim only if witness immunity does not apply to that claim. ¶16 Turning first, then, to the threshold witness immunity question, Ms. Earin contends that the Court of Appeals erred in holding that disclosure provisions of the Health Care Information Act prevail over the common law witness immunity rule. We agree with the Court of Appeals. ¶19 Ms. Earin argues that when enacting the Health Care Information Act, the legislature did not intend to abrogate traditional common law witness immunity. She relies on Briscoe, where the United States Supreme Court reasoned that the witness immunity rule prevented suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against police officers who allegedly gave perjured testimony resulting in a criminal conviction. The Court found no evidence that Congress intended to abrogate traditional common law witness immunity in § 1983 actions and said that "the common law's protection for witnesses is 'a tradition so well grounded in history and reason' that we cannot believe that Congress impinged on it 'by covert inclusion in the general language before us.' " Briscoe, 460 U.S. at 334 (quoting Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 376, 71 S. Ct. 783, 95 L. Ed. 1019 (1951)). Earin points out neither the Act nor the bill reports mention the witness immunity rule. (1) Before service of a discovery request or compulsory process on a health care provider for health care information, an attorney shall provide advance notice to the health care provider and the patient or the patient's attorney involved through service of process or first class mail, indicating the health care provider from whom the information is sought, what health care information is sought, and the date by which a protective order must be obtained to prevent the health care provider from complying. . . . (2) Without the written consent of the patient, the health care provider may not disclose the health care information sought under subsection (1) of this section if the requester has not complied with the requirements of subsection (1) of this section. In the absence of a protective order . . . forbidding compliance, the health care provider shall disclose the information in accordance with this chapter. . . . RCW 70.02.170 provides: (1) A person who has complied with this chapter may maintain an action for the relief provided in this section against a health care provider or facility who has not complied with this chapter. (2) The court may order the health care provider or other person to comply with this chapter. Such relief may include actual damages. . . . The first of these statutes plainly contemplates that the Act applies when disclosure is sought during or in preparation for judicial proceedings, and the second plainly provides a cause of action for noncompliance with the Act. Thus, the Act shows the legislature's intent to allow a cause of action notwithstanding the witness immunity rule. ¶21 Further, the underlying policy concerns of the Act also show that its provisions outweigh the witness immunity rule. The legislature stated its findings when enacting chapter 70.02 RCW: (1) Health care information is personal and sensitive information that if improperly used or released may do significant harm to a patient's interests in privacy, health care, or other interests. . . . . (3) In order to retain the full trust and confidence of patients, health care providers have an interest in assuring that health care information is not improperly disclosed and in having clear and certain rules for the disclosure of health care information. (4) Persons other than health care providers obtain, use, and disclose health record information in many different contexts and for many different purposes. It is the public policy of this state that a patient's interest in the proper use and disclosure of the patient's health care information survives even when the information is held by persons other than health care providers. (5) The movement of patients and their health care information across state lines, access to and exchange of health care information from automated data banks, and the emergence of multistate health care providers creates a compelling need for uniform law, rules, and procedures governing the use and disclosure of health care information. RCW 70.02.005. These findings show the importance of the substantive rights that patients and health care providers have under the Health Care Information Act. ¶22 The Act establishes that the legislature intended to override the common law witness immunity rule. As the Court of Appeals recognized, the public policy justification for applying the witness immunity rule is outweighed by the interest in protecting confidential disclosures made during medical treatment. "Consultations with confidential advisors should not require a warning that anything disclosed will be available to potential future litigation adversaries and may be used against the client in court." Wynn, 131 Wn. App. at 40. ¶23 Ms. Earin suggests, however, that a separation of powers issue would arise if the legislature intended to abrogate the witness immunity rule, which she characterizes as an aspect of judicial administration. However, the Health Care Information Act provides substantive rights to patients and health care professionals regarding disclosure of health care information, and enforcement of these rights is within the legislature's province. ¶24 We conclude that the Health Care Information Act prevails over the common law witness immunity rule. ¶25 The Court of Appeals also held that witness immunity does not apply to information that the witness acquires in a prelitigation, professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes. Id. at 38-39. Because Ms. Earin's relationship with the Wynns was formed for nonlitigation purposes, Mr. Wynn's malpractice claims arising from Ms. Earin's appearance and testimony at the hearing to determine child placement would not be barred by the witness immunity rule under the court's holding. ¶26 The Court of Appeals based this holding on the fact that the claims in Bruce and Deatherage were based on expert witnesses' alleged negligence in preparing reports for use in testimony. Id. The Court of Appeals observed that other cases had distinguished situations where health care professionals were retained for purposes of litigation from situations where they provided nonlitigation treatment or care. Id. at 38 (citing Gustafson v. Mazer, 113 Wn. App. 770, 776-77, 54 P.3d 743 (2002); Childs v. Allen, 125 Wn. App. 50, 56, 105 P.3d 411 (2004)). Here, the Court of Appeals said, Ms. Earin acquired the information during the course of treating Mr. Wynn and not with any view toward litigation. Id. at 39. ¶27 Ms. Earin first argues the Court of Appeals erred because the common law rule is broad and absolute, citing Dexter v. Spokane County Health Dist., 76 Wn. App. 372, 376, 884 P.2d 1353 (1994), where the court said, "[a]ll witnesses are immune from all claims arising out of all testimony." But while some statements of the rule make it appear to be absolute, it is not. For example, Deatherage concerned disciplinary proceedings against an expert witness who allegedly failed to meet professional ethical standards in his work that formed the basis for his testimony in child custody proceedings. We noted that discipline of health care professionals is governed by the Uniform Disciplinary Act, chapter 18.130 RCW, and concluded that the act's language and purpose authorize initiation of disciplinary proceedings when an expert witness's conduct is unprofessional. Deatherage, 134 Wn.2d at 139-40. Witness immunity did not apply, given its historic contours and given that " '[u]nderlying the doctrine of absolute immunity is the concept of an alternate if not adequate remedy' " and no alternate remedy was available for the alleged professional violations at issue. Id. at 141 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Twelker v. Shannon & Wilson, Inc., 88 Wn.2d 473, 477, 564 P.2d 1131 (1977)). ¶29 We agree and conclude the Courts of Appeals' holding that witness immunity does not apply to information acquired in a prelitigation professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes is simply too broad. Wynn's negligence claims are not based on misdiagnosis or negligent treatment, but rather on alleged negligence in testifying beyond the scope allowable under applicable standards of care. This kind of testimony is clearly encompassed by the witness immunity rule. Indeed, most testimony involves information that a witness acquired without regard to litigation. ¶30 Further, the policy underpinnings of the witness immunity rule are fully implicated because, as with other witnesses, an expert witness's testimony could be chilled by the threat of potential liability. ¶31 For example, in this case, if witness immunity did not apply, then, by failing to circumscribe her testimony as the plaintiff contends she should have to conform to the standard of care he proposes, Ms. Earin would face potential liability for giving complete testimony. The same would be true for any witness in similar circumstances. ¶32 However, we distinguish between a claim of negligence based on the witness's testimony, as in this case, and a claim of negligent diagnosis or treatment. We emphasize that a health care professional is not immune from suit for negligent diagnosis or treatment merely because he or she has been a witness whose testimony touched on that treatment. Here, for example, if Mr. Wynn had sued Ms. Earin for negligence in counseling him, she would not enjoy witness immunity preventing his suit merely because she testified about that treatment during the course of a child placement hearing. Also, a health care provider cannot, by testifying in a court proceeding about treatment, thereby immunize himself or herself from a malpractice suit based on negligent diagnosis or treatment. ¶33 The witness immunity rule, which provides that witnesses in judicial proceedings are immune from suit based on their testimony, is a centuries' old rule. Witness immunity preserves the integrity of judicial proceedings by encouraging full and forthright testimony, as this court has recognized. Our case law on the subject is outlined in this opinion, but other jurisdictions have also recognized the enormous importance of the witness immunity rule, or "litigation privilege" as it is also called, to judicial proceedings. ¶34 The California Supreme Court explained the purposes of the rule (which is codified in that state): The principal purpose of [the litigation privilege] is to afford litigants and witnesses the utmost freedom of access to the courts without fear of being harassed subsequently by derivative tort actions. [The rule] promotes the effectiveness of judicial proceedings by encouraging "open channels of communication and the presentation of evidence" in judicial proceedings. A further purpose of the privilege "is to assure utmost freedom of communication between citizens and public authorities whose responsibility is to investigate and remedy wrongdoing." Such open communication is "a fundamental right to the right of access to judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings." Since the "external threat of liability is destructive of this fundamental right and inconsistent with the effective administration of justice," courts have applied the privilege to eliminate the threat of liability for communications made during all kinds of truth-seeking proceedings. . . . . . . [W]itnesses should be free from the fear of protracted and costly lawsuits which otherwise might cause them either to distort their testimony or refuse to testify altogether. . . . . . . . [I]n immunizing participants for liability for torts arising from communications made during judicial proceedings, the law places upon litigants the burden of exposing during trial the bias of witnesses and the falsity of evidence, thereby enhancing the finality of judgments and avoiding an unending roundelay of litigation, an evil far worse than an occasional unfair result. Silberg v. Anderson, 50 Cal. 3d 205, 213-14, 786 P.2d 365, 266 Cal. Rptr. 638 (1990) (citations omitted) (quoting McClatchy Newspapers, Inc. v. Superior Court, 189 Cal. App. 3d 961, 970, 234 Cal. Rptr. 702 (1987); Imig v. Ferrar, 70 Cal. App. 3d 48, 55, 138 Cal. Rptr. 540 (1977); Pettitt v. Levy, 28 Cal. App. 3d 484, 490-91, 104 Cal. Rptr. 650 (1972)). ¶35 The United States Supreme Court has similarly explained the importance of the witness immunity rule. " '[T]he dictates of public policy . . . require[ ] that the paths which lead to the ascertainment of truth should be left as free and unobstructed as possible.' " Briscoe, 460 U.S. at 333 (quoting Calkins v. Sumner, 13 Wis. 193, 197 (1860)). The Court has also explained: " '[C]ontroversies sufficiently intense to erupt in litigation are not easily capped by a judicial decree. The loser in one forum will frequently seek another. . . . Absolute immunity is thus necessary to assure that judges, advocates, and witnesses can perform their respective functions without harassment or intimidation.' " Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 512, 98 S. Ct. 2894, 57 L. Ed. 2d 895 (1978) (second alteration in original), quoted in Briscoe, 460 U.S. at 335. Ultimately, the rule protects litigants, whose interests at stake in a case range across the entire spectrum of property, family, and individual circumstances, by encouraging the full, truthful, and complete testimony of witnesses. ¶36 The witness immunity rule also rests on other safeguards against false or inaccurate testimony, including the witness's oath, cross-examination, and the possibility of prosecution for perjury. In addition to these remedies and safeguards, an expert witness may be subject to professional disciplinary proceedings. Indeed, in Deatherage, we held that the witness immunity rule does not bar disciplinary proceedings against a psychologist based on work performed as an expert witness in a child custody dispute. We expressly noted that a disciplinary proceeding is not a civil suit against the expert and the policies underscoring the witness immunity rule do not apply. Deatherage, 134 Wn.2d at 138. We noted that other jurisdictions' case law confirms that while civil liability is not available, professional discipline may be appropriate, citing, in particular, Silberg, where absolute immunity for an attorney did not prohibit professional discipline, Moses v. Parwatikar, 813 F.2d 891 (8th Cir. 1987), where absolute immunity for a psychiatrist barred a suit for monetary damages but did not prohibit other corrective action, and Moses v. McWilliams, 379 Pa. Super. 150, 157 n.7, 549 A.2d 950 (1988), where absolute immunity for a physician did not prohibit professional discipline. Deatherage, 134 Wn.2d at 140. ¶37 We considered in Deatherage policy considerations attending to both the witness immunity rule and professional disciplinary proceedings. Because this case involves a health care professional, the Health Care Information Act provides for a cause of action for the failure to conform to its requirements, which protect confidential patient information. This is in addition to potential professional discipline. Overwhelming authority ¶38 We hold that the witness immunity rule applies to bar Mr. Wynn's malpractice claims arising from Ms. Earin's appearance and testimony at the hearing to determine child placement. Accordingly, Mr. Wynn's malpractice claims grounded in Ms. Earin's appearance and testimony at the hearing were properly dismissed by the trial court. ¶39 Next, Ms. Earin argues that if witness immunity does not apply to her testimony for purposes of Mr. Wynn's claims under the Health Care Information Act, these claims were still properly dismissed because Mr. Wynn waived his statutory rights relative to her testimony. ¶41 With regard to Ms. Earin's testimony, she maintains that waiver resulted when Mr. Wynn signed a broadly worded written consent form authorizing release of all mental health information to the guardian ad litem; that his attorney waived any privilege for purposes of Ms. Earin's deposition testimony; and that waiver occurred because Mr. Wynn failed to object at the hearing to determine child placement to her presence or to her testimony on any ground implicating the rights set out in the Health Care Information Act or any health care provider-patient privilege, i.e., he did not object to any question on the basis of confidentiality, privilege, or violation of the Health Care Information Act. ¶43 In any event, we are also not convinced that Mr. Wynn could establish any damages resulting from any violation of the Act resulting from Ms. Earin's testimony. As explained, the trial court directed a verdict in Mr. Wynn's favor that the loss of his records constituted a violation of the Act. The jury thereafter determined that this loss was a proximate cause of damages in the amount of $2,790, the amount Mr. Wynn paid for another counselor to treat his emotional distress. The jury did not award noneconomic damages, however. We believe this shows the jury would not have awarded additional damages for a further violation of the Act, assuming, for argument's sake, that Mr. Wynn had not waived any right to complain about Ms. Earin's testimony and showed a further violation resulted when Ms. Earin testified. Under the jury's verdict, Mr. Wynn was compensated for his emotional distress. ¶44 Finally, we address the issue of attorney fees. The Health Care Information Act provides for an award of reasonable attorney fees and other expenses reasonably incurred by the prevailing party. RCW 70.02.170(2). Mr. Wynn requested over $130,000 in attorney fees and costs. The trial court said that it was "very difficult to segregate work on the statutory violation issue and plaintiff's counsel's time sheets are not very helpful in this exercise." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 1074 (letter ruling filed Jan. 8, 2004). The trial court observed that while it was mindful of the public policy underlying chapter RCW 70.02 RCW, "the fee must still bear a rational relationship to the work that needed to be done to bring about the result." CP at 1074. The court explained: I have reviewed the time sheets and as best I can determine 10% of the time can be allocated to ascertaining the events that occurred, speaking on the phone with the Guardian Ad Litem and theft of the medical records, and analyzing them in the context of a statutory violation. The balance of the work appears to be on the negligence claims that went to the jury as well as the dismissed claims. The reasonable costs incurred would include those items directly related to ascertaining a statutory violation, i.e., discovery deposition costs. Id. The court awarded $11,943 in fees and $1,100 in costs. Significantly, the trial court's award recognized that establishing the two statutory violations justified an award of fees and costs, despite the fact that the jury found that no damages flowed from Ms. Earin's conversation with the guardian ad litem. ¶45 The Court of Appeals reversed. While acknowledging that Wynn was entitled to fees and costs for successful claims under the Health Care Information Act but not to an award for success on his negligence claims, the court reasoned that the statutory and malpractice claims Mr. Wynn asserts are inextricably intertwined. The Court of Appeals said that unless there is a principled way to segregate the claims, Wynn is entitled to argue to the jury that the ultimate emotional distress was proximately caused by a series of acts and conditions. Wynn, 131 Wn. App. at 45-46 (citing Caughell v. Group Health Coop. of Puget Sound, 124 Wn.2d 217, 233-34, 876 P.2d 898 (1994)). ¶46 Because we hold that Mr. Wynn has no actionable claim related to Ms. Earin's appearance at trial, that he waived his statutory claims relating to Ms. Earin's testimony, and that his malpractice claims related to that testimony are precluded by the witness immunity rule, there are no remaining claims to be tried. Nonetheless, Mr. Wynn urges the court to affirm the Court of Appeals. He maintains that the private cause of action authorized by the Health Care Information Act is a private attorney general action, and the purpose of the fee statute is to make it financially feasible for private individuals to litigate violations of the Act. See, e.g., Fahn v. Cowlitz County, 95 Wn.2d 679, 684-85, 628 P.2d 813 (1981); Martinez v. City of Tacoma, 81 Wn. App. 228, 235, 914 P.2d 86 (1996). Therefore, he urges, the attorney fee provision should be liberally construed to encourage private enforcement of the law. See Blair v. Wash. State Univ., 108 Wn.2d 558, 570, 740 P.2d 1379 (1987). He analogizes this case to cases involving the Industrial Insurance Act, Title ¶47 Mr. Wynn maintains that because he successfully established some violations of the Act, i.e., Ms. Earin's release of information to the guardian ad litem without the authorization required by the Act and her loss of his counseling records, segregating these claims or the acts causing these claims is contrary to the purposes of the Act. He adds that the Act does not require proof of damages for an attorney fee and costs award to be made, and thus the amount of damages awarded does not necessarily indicate whether attorney fees should be awarded and what constitutes a reasonable fee. See RCW 70.02.170. ¶49 Accordingly, the trial court's award of attorney fees is affirmed. The trial court was hampered, as the court indicated, by time sheets that were not very helpful. Nonetheless, the trial court's conclusion that 10 percent of counsel's time was spent on those statutory claims that were successful is justified by the record. CONCLUSION ¶50 The Health Care Information Act overrides the common law witness immunity rule, and therefore claims based on violations of the Act are not foreclosed by the witness immunity rule where the claims are based on a witness's testimony. The Court of Appeals' holding that information obtained during a professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes is not subject to the witness immunity rule is too broad. The witness immunity rule may apply to information gathered during the course of a professional relationship entered into for nonlitigation purposes, depending upon the circumstances. Here, Mr. Wynn's claims against Ms. Earin for malpractice were not related to her treatment of him, but rather to her appearance and testimony at trial. Under these circumstances, the witness immunity rule applies with respect to these claims, foreclosing them. ¶51 Although Mr. Wynn's claims under the Health Care Information Act are not foreclosed by the witness immunity rule, they are barred for other reasons. First, Ms. Earin appeared as Mrs. Wynn's witness, and Mr. Wynn therefore cannot complain about her appearance at trial. Second, with regard to Ms. Earin's testimony, Mr. Wynn failed to object to this testimony on the ground that it violated the Health Care Information Act. His failure to object constituted an implied waiver of his rights under the Act. ¶52 We reverse the Court of Appeals' holding that witness immunity never applies to testimony relating to information acquired during a professional relationship formed for nonlitigation purposes. We affirm the Court of Appeals' holding that the witness immunity rule does not apply to information disclosed in violation of the Health Care Information Act. Mr. Wynn's claims under the act are otherwise barred. We affirm the trial court's award of attorney fees and costs. ALEXANDER, C.J.; C. JOHNSON, OWENS, FAIRHURST, and J.M. JOHNSON, JJ.; and BRIDGE, J. PRO TEM., concur. ¶53 CHAMBERS, J. (concurring) — I agree with the majority that Pardner Wynn effectively waived his statutory and malpractice claims relating to Jolene Earin's testimony. Majority at 24. I write separately because, in my view, Mr. Wynn's waivers render much of the majority opinion unnecessary. ¶54 Mr. and Ms. Wynn were involved in an emotional dissolution, in which the placement of their children was in dispute. One of Mr. Wynn's claims involved a conversation between Ms. Earin and the children's guardian ad litem, Dr. Kim Chupurdia, PhD. Mr. Wynn claims confidential information was divulged by Ms. Earin which caused him harm. However, Mr. Wynn had specifically authorized Ms. Earin to provide otherwise confidential information to Dr. Chupurdia. ¶55 I also write to emphasize that our opinion today largely concerns the truthful testimony of a witness in response to direct questions. Priests, lawyers, doctors, counselors, and others are still prohibited from disclosing sacred privileges. Nothing in our opinion today necessarily applies to documents, including affidavits and declarations. Nor do we purport to hold that a witness may disclose the confidences of a person not a party to the proceedings or not present at the proceeding. ¶56 With these observations, and because I conclude that Mr. Wynn waived his statutory and malpractice claims, I concur in result. SANDERS, J., concurs with CHAMBERS, J.