Argued September 17, 1997. Decided January 22, 1998.
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. CHRISTOPHER KELLS, Petitioner.
[1] Juveniles - Juvenile Justice - Jurisdiction - Declination - Review - Right of Appeal - Advisement by State. The State does not have a duty under CrR 7.2(b) to inform a juvenile charged with an offense of the right to appeal a declination order entered by a juvenile court transferring the case to adult criminal court.
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[2] Criminal Law - Review - Right of Appeal - Constitutional Right. CONST. art. I, § 22 (amend. 10) confers a right of appeal on criminal offenders.
[3] Constitutional Law - Waiver of Constitutional Right - Presumption - Validity. The waiver of a constitutional right may never be presumed.
[4] Criminal Law - Review - Right of Appeal - Involuntary Forfeiture - Validity. An involuntary forfeiture of the constitutional right to a criminal appeal is never valid.
[5] Juveniles - Juvenile Justice - Jurisdiction - Declination - Review - Right of Appeal - Plea of Guilty. A juvenile court's declination of jurisdiction over a juvenile charged with an offense is appealable as a matter of right, even if the juvenile pleads guilty to the offense.
[6] Criminal Law - Review - Right of Appeal - Untimely Assertion of Right - Abandonment - Burden of Proof. A convicted offender's direct appeal may not be dismissed as untimely unless the State proves that the offender voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently abandoned the appeal right.
[7] Criminal Law - Review - Right of Appeal - Waiver - Validity - Burden of Proof. In order to prove that a convicted offender has voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived the right of appeal conferred by CONST. art. I, § 22 (amend. 10), the State must affirmatively show that the offender understood the right and chose not to exercise it.
[8] Criminal Law - Review - Right of Appeal - Waiver - Validity - Understanding of Appeal Right - Revision of Commissioner's Ruling - Effect. The fact that a criminal offender had sought revision of a commissioner's ruling in the superior court pursuant to RCW 2.24.050 is not indicative of the offender's understanding of the right of appeal conferred by CONST. art. I, § 22 (amend. 10).
Nature of Action: Prosecution for second degree murder. The defendant was 15 years old at the time the offense was committed. Jurisdiction was declined by the juvenile court.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Franklin County, No. 94-8-50078-8, John G. Carroll, J. Pro Tem., on April 4, 1994, entered a judgment on a plea of guilty.
Court of Appeals: By an order dated September 19, 1996, the court dismissed the defendant's appeal of the juvenile court's declination order as untimely.
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Supreme Court: Holding that the State did not have a duty to inform the defendant of his right to appeal the declination order, but that the defendant's appeal should not have been dismissed in the absence of proof that he voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived the appeal right, the court reverses the decision of the Court of Appeals and remands the case for further proceedings.
James E. Egan, for petitioner.
Steven M. Lowe, Prosecuting Attorney, and Paige L. Sully, Deputy, for respondent.
DURHAM, C.J. - Christopher Kells seeks review of the Court of Appeals' decision dismissing his criminal appeal. At issue is whether an untimely appeal of a declination order transferring a juvenile defendant to superior court may be dismissed, even though the defendant was not informed of his right to appeal the order. We hold that the Superior Court Criminal Rules do not require the State to inform Kells of his right to appeal the declination order, but that the State still has the burden to show that Kells voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived this right before his appeal may be dismissed. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal and remand for a hearing to determine if Kells made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of his right to appeal.
FACTS
On February 26, 1994, Kells shot and killed his friend. At the time of the killing, Kells was 15 years old. Kells was brought before the Commissioner of the Juvenile Division
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of the Franklin County Superior Court, who entered an order declining juvenile jurisdiction over the case. Kells filed a motion for revision of the Commissioner's decision in Superior Court under RCW 2.24.050. The Commissioner's decision was affirmed.
On January 25, 1995, Kells pleaded guilty to second degree murder in Superior Court. Kells signed a plea form acknowledging that by entering a plea he waived various rights, including the right to appeal a determination of guilt after trial. The court did not inform Kells that he retained his right to appeal the order of declination. Kells was sentenced on March 7, 1995.
On June 8, 1996, nearly 15 months after his sentencing, Kells filed a notice of appeal of the declination order in the Court of Appeals. His attorney also filed a memorandum in support of the notice, stating that he had been unaware that a declination order could be appealed after a guilty plea until he discovered State v. Pritchard, 79 Wn. App. 14, 900 P.2d 560 (1995) (appeal as a matter of right exists to challenge a declination order even after a guilty plea). The Court of Appeals dismissed the notice of appeal as untimely pursuant to RAP 18.8(b).
ISSUES
Does CrR 7.2(b) require the State to advise a defendant of his right to appeal a declination order after a plea of guilty? And, if not, did the Court of Appeals err in dismissing Kells' appeal as untimely absent the State's showing that the Defendant made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of his right to appeal?
ANALYSIS
CrR 7.2(b) requires in part:
The court shall, immediately after sentencing, advise the defendant: (1) of the right to appeal the conviction; . . . [and] (3) that unless a notice of appeal is filed within 30 days after
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the entry of the judgment or order appealed from, the right to appeal is irrevocably waived . . . .
Kells argues that, under CrR 7.2(b), the State should have informed him of his right to appeal the declination order at the time of his sentencing. Kells' confusion stems in part from a misunderstanding of the nature of his appeal right.
[1-6] We have previously held that the validity of a declination order affects the authority of the superior court to enter judgment over a minor,«1» and that a defendant may appeal a declination order as a matter of right after a superior court conviction.«2» These principles converge in State v. Pritchard, 79 Wn. App. 14, 900 P.2d 560 (1995), which holds that, although a guilty plea cuts off a defendant's right to appeal a determination of guilt, a guilty plea does not terminate the right to appeal the declination order.«3» Kells now attempts to bootstrap the requirements of CrR 7.2(b) onto this unique right of appeal. CrR 7.2(b) requires the court to advise a defendant of his right to directly appeal his conviction; it does not require the court to advise a defendant that he may collaterally attack the conviction by exercising his right to directly appeal the underlying declination order transferring him to superior court.
Although CrR 7.2(b) does not require the State to inform Kells of his right to appeal, an involuntary forfeiture of the right to a criminal appeal is never valid. We now reiterate our recent holding in State v. Tomal, 133 Wn.2d 985, 948 P.2d 833 (1997) that a criminal appeal may not be dismissed as untimely unless the State demonstrates that the defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently abandoned his appeal right.
«1» In re Writ of Habeas Corpus ofDillenburg, 70 Wn.2d 331, 413 P.2d 940 (1966), modified, 70 Wn.2d 349, 422 P.2d 783, cert. denied, 386 U.S. 998 (1967).
«2» In re Welfare of Lewis, 89 Wn.2d 113, 569 P.2d 1158 (1977).
«3» State v. Pritchard, 79 Wn. App. 14, 19, 900 P.2d 560 (1995). Neither party has attacked the validity of the holding in Pritchard. Therefore, we assume without deciding that a defendant has the right to appeal an order of decimation after a guilty plea in superior court.
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The Court of Appeals dismissed Kells' untimely appeal pursuant to RAP 18.8(b) which provides, in part:
The appellate court will only in extraordinary circumstances and to prevent a gross miscarriage of justice extend the time within which a party must file a notice of appeal . . . . The appellate court will ordinarily hold that the desirability of finality of decisions outweighs the privilege of a litigant to obtain an extension of time under this section.
Despite this strong language, this court made clear in State v. Sweet, 90 Wn.2d 282, 581 P.2d 579 (1978) that the strict application of filing deadlines must be balanced against a defendant's state constitutional right to appeal. Sweet is based on the principle that in criminal prosecutions all defendants have a constitutional right to appeal, and there can be no presumption in favor of waiver of a constitutional right. Sweet establishes that the State has the burden to demonstrate a defendant understood his right to appeal and consciously gave up that right before a notice of appeal may be dismissed as untimely.«4»
The Commissioner's order of declination moved Kells out of the civil juvenile court and into the criminal adult system. Although it is not itself a criminal prosecution, the decline decision is a necessary prerequisite to the criminal conviction of a juvenile. We, therefore, hold that Sweet controls a criminal defendant's right to directly appeal his declination order after a final judgment in superior court, and thus the State must demonstrate that Kells made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of this appeal right.
[7, 8] The State argues that Kells must have known of his right to appeal the declination order after his guilty plea, because he sought revision of the Commissioner's ruling pursuant to RCW 2.24.050.«5» This statute permits superior court review of any decision by a court
«4» State v. Sweet, 90 Wn.2d 282, 287, 581 P.2d 579 (1978).
«5» RCW 2.24.050 provides, in part: "All of the acts and proceedings of court commissioners hereunder shall be subject to revision by the superior court. Any party in interest may have such revision upon demand made by written motion, filed with the clerk of the superior court, within ten days after the entry of any order or judgment of the court commissioner."
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commissioner. The statutory right to seek review of a Commissioner's decision, however, is independent of the right to appeal a declination order. Therefore, Kells' attempt to modify the Commissioner's decision merely demonstrates that he was aware of his statutory right to challenge a Commissioner's decision. It has no bearing on the question of whether Kells was aware of his right to appeal the declination order.
Sweet requires that the State make some affirmative showing the Defendant understood his right to appeal and chose not to exercise it.«6» The State's response in this case was entirely inadequate to demonstrate that Kells voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his right to appeal. Thus, the State has failed its burden under Sweet.
CONCLUSION
The trial court was not required under CrR 7.2(b) to inform Kells of his right to appeal a decline order; however, Sweet requires that the State demonstrate that Kells made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of his right to appeal his declination order before an appeal may be dismissed as untimely under RAP 18.8(b). The Court of Appeals apparently never made a Sweet analysis before it dismissed Kells' appeal. We accordingly reverse and remand for a hearing on whether Kells voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his right to appeal the declination order.
DOLLIVER, SMITH, GUY, JOHNSON, MADSEN, ALEXANDER, TALMADGE, and SANDERS, JJ., concur.
«6» Sweet, 90 Wn.2d at 287.