112 Wn.2d 253, ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY
CITE:          112 Wn.2d 253, 770 P.2d 634
               ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY
CAUSE NUMBER: 55257-6
FILE DATE:     April 6, 1989
CASE TITLE: Local 112, International Brotherhood of Electrical
               Workers, AFL-CIO, Petitioner, v. Victor Bray,
               et al, Respondents.

[1] Labor Relations - Union Membership - Nature of Relationship. The constitution of a labor union and the rules adopted pursuant to the constitution establish a contractual relationship between the union and its members.

[2] Labor Relations - Union Membership - Fine - Judicial Enforcement. A labor union can obtain a judgment to collect a fine levied against one of its members providing the union constitution or the rules adopted pursuant thereto specifically authorize such judicial enforcement.

NAMES OF CONCURRING OR DISSENTING JUDGES: Dore, J., concurs in the result only; Smith, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case.

NATURE OF ACTION: A labor union sought review of an arbitrator's decision preventing it from enforcing in court fines it had assessed against four union members.

Superior Court: The Superior Court for Yakima County, No. 85 2-00461-1, Howard Hettinger, J., on November 21, 1986, granted a summary judgment upholding the arbitrator's decision.

Court of Appeals: The court AFFIRMED the judgment in an unpublished opinion noted at 51 Wn. App. 1029.

Supreme Court: Holding that, absent authorization in the union's constitution or governing rules, the fines were not subject to judicial enforcement, the court AFFIRMS the decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment.

COUNSEL: CRITCHLOW & WILLIAMS, by DAVID E. WILLIAMS and ROBERT D. MERRIMAN, for petitioner.

PAT COCKRILL (of HOVIS, COCKRILL, WEAVER & BJUR), for respondents Bray and Bort.

Local Union 112, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), AFL-CIO, (hereinafter the Local), fined several of its members for violating its rules, primarily its rule against working on nonunion jobs. The fines assessed against the four union members who are parties to this appeal are as follows:

"     Victor Bray, $8,416, reduced to $4,208 on certain
      conditions;
           Robert Bort, $8,416, reduced to $4,208 on certain
      conditions;
           Joseph Purczynski, $12,624, reduced to $6,312 on
      certain conditions; and
           Jimmie M. Scott, $4,000, with $2,000 suspended on
      certain conditions.

«1» IBEW Constitution and Rules for Local Unions and Councils under its jurisdiction, as amended September 1982.

"     Any member convicted of any one or more of the above
      named offenses may be assessed or suspended, or both,
      or expelled.

The constitution contains no provision for the enforcement of assessments or fines in a court of law. Rather, all assessments are charged "against the member as regular dues and must be paid within the time required to protect the member's continuous good standing and benefits." «3»

The constitution also provides that any member having past due indebtedness to the union for assessments "shall stand suspended" and generally cannot be reinstated until they have been paid. «4»

On March 19, 1985, the Local filed a suit in the Superior Court for Yakima County seeking to recover from its four aforesaid members the sum of the reduced assessments noted, plus 12 percent interest from June 2, 1984, except in the case of member Scott against whom interest was sought from November 5, 1983.

Answers and counterclaims were filed by union members Purczynski and Scott, and apparently also by members Bray and Bort. «5»

«5» The responsive pleadings of members Bray and Bort to the Local's complaint are not a part of the appellate record. The Local's response to counterclaims, which is in the record, however, refers to counterclaims by Bray and Bort.

The Superior Court referred the case to an arbitrator who, after hearings, held for the union members and dismissed the complaint against them. The parties agreed that the counterclaims would be referred back to the Superior Court. The Local then requested a trial de novo in the Superior Court. Motions for summary judgment were thereafter filed by the four union members and were ultimately granted by the Superior Court. The members' counterclaims were not ruled on by the trial court but were ordered preserved for trial. The Superior Court also ruled that "[f]or purposes of RAP 2.2(d) the Court finds that there is no just reason for delay and this order shall constitute a final judgment of dismissal" of the Local's claims against the four union member defendants. Attorneys' fees and costs were awarded to the members. «6»

The Local appealed and the Court of Appeals affirmed by an unpublished opinion. «7»

That court granted attorneys' fees on appeal to union members Bray and Bort, «8»

«9» The provisions of RAP 18.1(a) and (c) requiring the timely service and filing of an affidavit for attorneys' fees were not complied with by Mr. Purczynski and Mr. Scott.

May fines assessed by a union local against certain of its members be judicially enforced by obtaining a civil judgment against the union members in state court?

CONCLUSION. Yes, but only if specific authorization therefor is granted by the union's constitution or governing rules adopted pursuant thereto. There was no such authorization in this case.

[1] It is the law of this state that "[t]he constitution of a labor organization and the rules adopted pursuant thereto form a contract between the association, on the one hand, and its members, on the other." «11»

«11» UNITED GLASS WORKERS' LOCAL 188 v. SEITZ, 65 Wn.2d 640, 641, 399 P.2d 74, 13 A.L.R.3d 1000 (1965). SEE COX v. UNITED BHD. OF CARPENTERS, 190 Wash. 511, 69 P.2d 148 (1937); JOINETTE v. LOCAL 20, HOTEL & MOTEL RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES & BARTENDERS UNION, 106 Wn.2d 355, 362-63, 722 P.2d 83 (1986).

This is also the prevailing view in other courts, both state and federal. «12»

«12» NLRB v. ALLIS-CHALMERS MFG. CO., 388 U.S. 175, 182, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1123, 87 S. Ct. 2001, REH'G DENIED, 389 U.S. 892 (1967); INTERNATIONAL ASS'N OF MACHINISTS v. GONZALES, 356 U.S. 617, 618, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1018, 78 S. Ct. 923, REH'G DENIED, 357 U.S. 944 (1958); NLRB v. BOEING CO., 412 U.S. 67, 75, 36 L. Ed. 2d 752, 759, 93 S. Ct. 1952 (1973).

«13» ALLIS-CHALMERS, at 182, quoting Summers, THE LAW OF UNION DISCIPLINE: WHAT THE COURTS DO IN FACT, 70 Yale L.J. 175, 180 (1960).

After analyzing pertinent federal labor statutes, and applying the foregoing contract theory, the United States Supreme Court concluded that "[a] union rule, duly adopted and not the arbitrary fiat of a union officer, forbidding the crossing of a picket line during a strike was therefore enforceable against voluntary union members by expulsion or a reasonable fine." «14»

«14» SCOFIELD v. NLRB, 394 U.S. 423, 428, 22 L. Ed. 2d 385, 89 S. Ct. 1154 (1969).

The Supreme Court also concluded that "[u]nless the rule or its enforcement impinges on some policy of the federal labor law, the regulation of the relationship between union and employee is A CONTRACTUAL MATTER GOVERNED BY LOCAL LAW." (Italics ours.) «15»

The law is now "well-settled that a labor union may impose monetary fines upon its members to enforce compliance with its valid rules or to penalize noncompliance, where such penalties are provided for by the constitution or governing rules of the organization, and the offending member is accorded 'due process' in the union proceedings." «16»

«16» Annot., RIGHT OF LABOR UNION TO ENFORCE IN THE COURTS FINE VALIDLY IMPOSED UPON MEMBER, 13 A.L.R.3d 1004, 1004 05 (1967).

Our review of the many cases cited in an extensive annotation on the subject, «18»

«19» UNITED GLASS WORKERS' LOCAL 188 v. SEITZ, SUPRA; RETAIL CLERKS LOCAL 629 v. CHRISTIANSEN, 67 Wn.2d 29, 406 P.2d 327 (1965).

demonstrates that the foregoing principle is almost uniformly applied with the results in each case varying only as required by the contract law of the state in whose courts the case was filed, or by the language of the union constitution which is before the court and the facts of the particular case.

[2] The leading case in our state is UNITED GLASS WORKERS' LOCAL 188 v. SEITZ, 65 Wn.2d 640, 399 P.2d 74, 13 A.L.R.3d 1000 (1965). SEITZ fully accords with the foregoing principles, while making it clear that "THE MODE OF DISCIPLINE PRESCRIBED BY THE UNION'S ORGANIC LAW MUST BE FOLLOWED." (Italics ours.) SEITZ, at 641. This is a recognition of the labor law principle that "[a] union's constitution and bylaws are the measure of the authority conferred upon the organization to discipline, suspend, or expel its members." «20»

In affirming a summary judgment dismissing a union's suit on a fine assessed by it against one of its own members, the late Justice Hugh Rosellini, writing for the court in SEITZ, declared the law as follows:

"     The constitution of the plaintiff union provides
      for the suspension or expulsion of a member who fails
      to pay a fine assessed against him. The plaintiff has
      pointed to no provision in the constitution and no facts
      outside it which would tend to rebut the presumption that
      the remedy provided in the constitution was meant to be
      exclusive. This is the mode of discipline available to
      the plaintiff, under its constitution, and it was evidently
      considered adequate when that constitution was adopted.

In any event, it is the only mode to which the defendant
member agreed to submit when he joined the union.

SEITZ is directly in point. Here, as in SEITZ, the union's constitution provides for the suspension or expulsion of a member who fails to pay a fine assessed by the Local against that member. Here, also as in SEITZ, the Local did not seek suspension or expulsion of its members but instead brought suit in state court to convert the Local's fines into civil money judgments against its members. Here, again as in SEITZ, the union constitution and bylaws contain "no provision for recovery of a fine in a court of law." «21»

It follows that since the Local's complaint against its members in this case sought to do precisely what SEITZ held a union had no authority to do without specific authorization in the constitution or bylaws, a summary judgment dismissing the Local's complaint was properly granted to the union members. «22»

We decline to overrule the holding of SEITZ that a union cannot convert a fine imposed on one of its members in a union disciplinary proceeding into a civil judgment against the member in a state court unless the union constitution, or governing rules adopted pursuant thereto, specifically authorizes it to do so. It is only fair to union members that if a union-assessed fine can be converted into a civil money judgment against them, which, of course, would be enforceable by garnishment of the members' wages or attachment of the members' property, that the members be made aware of it by the union constitution or bylaws. Our holding is also fair to unions, because they can enforce union imposed fines against their members in state court if they simply amend their constitutions and/or bylaws to so authorize. Some unions have done this though others have not; «23»

«23» SEE Wellington, UNION FINES AND WORKERS' RIGHTS, 85 Yale L.J. 1022, 1054 n.168 (1976).

that is entirely up to the membership of the particular union. When Justice Rosellini wrote SEITZ for this court over 20 years ago, he made it clear to one and all what had to be done in this regard and why.

The Local also argues that SEITZ has been superseded by our recent opinion in JOINETTE v. LOCAL 20, HOTEL & MOTEL RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES & BARTENDERS UNION, 1 06 Wn.2d 355, 722 P.2d 83(1986). We disagree.

As JOINETTE pointed out, that case concerned a suit brought in the superior court in accordance with the concurrent jurisdiction provisions «24»

«24» CHARLES DOWD BOX CO. v. COURTNEY, 368 U.S. 502, 7 L. Ed. 2d 483, 82 S. Ct. 519 (1962).

of section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, (LMRA), 29 U.S.C. 185 (1982). In JOINETTE, we simply acknowledged the obvious, that much labor law is governed by federal statute, and that when deciding an issue covered by federal statute (where we have the jurisdiction to do so) "substantive principles of federal labor law must be paramount in the area covered by the statute." «25»

«25» LOCAL 174, TEAMSTERS v. LUCAS FLOUR CO., 369 U.S. 95, 103, 7 L. Ed. 2d 593, 82 S. Ct. 571 (1962).

«26» The Local's "Complaint" filed against some of its members alleges that "each defendant IS INDEBTED to the plaintiff". (Italics ours.) Clerk's Papers, at 167.

«27» SEE LOCAL LODGE 1297, INT'L ASS'N OF MACHINISTS v. ALLEN, 22 Ohio St. 3d 228, 490 N.E.2d 865 (1986).

Furthermore, in this case, unlike JOINETTE, we are not confronted with a situation where "incompatible doctrines of local law must give way to principles of federal labor law." «28»

As set forth above, in cases such as this where a union sues in state court to collect union-imposed assessments or fines, according to the United States Supreme Court, this is a "'federally unentered enclave' open to state law" and governed by local contract law. «29»

Accordingly, we hold that the dismissal of the Local's suit against its members by the arbitrator, which was affirmed by the Superior Court and the Court of Appeals, was proper.

Finally, with respect to attorneys' fees in this court, the only attorneys' fee affidavit filed in this court was filed on behalf of union members Bray and Bort, and it was not filed until after oral arguments herein. «30»

«30» RAP 18.1 provides that if applicable law grants a party the right to recover reasonable attorneys' fees or expenses on review, the party should request same as provided in the rule. RAP 18.1(a). The rule proceeds to specifically require that "[S]EVEN DAYS PRIOR TO ORAL ARGUMENT, the party should serve and file an affidavit in the appellate court detailing the expenses incurred and the services performed by counsel." (Italics ours.) RAP 18.1(c). The affidavit of mailing, and the accompanying attorneys' fee affidavit by counsel for Mr. Bray and Mr. Bort, were mailed to the Clerk of the Supreme Court on November 14, 1988, just 2 days before oral argument. The affidavit of mailing recites that a copy was also MAILED to opposing counsel on that same date. The affidavit was not received and filed by our Clerk until November 16, 1988, at 3:34 p.m. This was AFTER the 1:30 p.m. oral arguments on the case in this court had been concluded. Since opposing counsel had to journey from Yakima to Olympia for the oral arguments, it is questionable whether he would have even received the affidavit, let alone had any real chance to respond with an opposing affidavit.

It was thus too late to be effectively replied to or answered by counsel for the Local. «31»

«31» DONOVICK v. SEATTLE-FIRST NAT'L BANK, 111 Wn.2d 413, 418, 757 P.2d 1378 (1988); LINDSAY CREDIT CORP. v. SKARPERUD, 33 Wn. App. 766, 773, 657 P.2d 804 (1983).

the union members are not entitled to attorneys' fees and expenses in this court. «33»

«33» GLASGOW v. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP., 103 Wn.2d 401, 408, 693 P.2d 708 (1985); TOMMY P. v. BOARD OF CY. COMM'RS, 97 Wn.2d 385, 401, 645 P.2d 697 (1982).

CONCURRING JUDGES: Callow, C.J., and Utter, Brachtenbach, Dolliver, Pearson, and Durham, JJ., concur.

112 Wn.2d 253, ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY CITE: 112 Wn.2d 253, 770 P.2d 634 ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY CAUSE NUMBER: 55257-6 FILE DATE: April 6, 1989CASE TITLE: Local 112, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Petitioner, v. Victor Bray, et al, Respondents.

112 Wn.2d 253, ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY
CITE: 112 Wn.2d 253, 770 P.2d 634
ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 112 v. BRAY
CAUSE NUMBER: 55257-6
FILE DATE: April 6, 1989
CASE TITLE: Local 112, International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, AFL-CIO, Petitioner, v. Victor Bray,
et al, Respondents.