[No. 39547. Department One. Supreme Court July 25, 1968.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. ROBERT
GUNDERSON, Appellant.«*»
[1] Criminal Law - Evidence - Circumstantial Evidence - Instructions -Inconsistent Inferences. It is only when the evidence against a defendant is entirely circumstantial that the court must give a circumstantial-evidence instruction to the effect that the hypothesis leading to innocence must be accepted if inconsistent inferences may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.
[2] Same - Evidence - Circumstantial Evidence - Instructions - Hypothesis of Innocence. The hypothesis of innocence with which circumstantial evidence must be inconsistent in order to support a conviction, must be a reasonable hypothesis.
[3] Same - Trial - Instructions - Negative Instructions. It is not necessary to give negative instructions setting forth matters which will not support a criminal conviction.
[4] Same - Punishment - Deferred Sentence - Monetary Payment to Victim. A monetary payment required as a condition of deferment of sentence, pursuant to RCW 9.95.210, to make restitution to the victim of a crime, is not a fine. The amount of such payment is grounded in the sound discretion of the trial court, and is not limited by the amount of the maximum fine authorized for punishment of the crime.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for King County, No. 44999, Solie M. Ringold, J., entered February 14, 1967. Affirmed.
Prosecution for negligent homicide. Defendant appeals from a conviction and sentence.
J. Lael Simmons, for appellant.
Charles O. Carroll and Neal J. Shulman, for respondent.
McGOVERN, J. -
While operating a motor vehicle near Issaquah on September 2, 1966, defendant failed to negotiate a turn, his automobile overturned and a 14-year-old passenger, Vicki Bergan, was killed.
Defendant was charged with negligent homicide, was tried, convicted, and appeals from the judgment of court entered upon the verdict of guilt.
«*» Reported in 444 P.2d 156.
[1] See Ann. 89 A.L.R. 1379; 53 Am. Jur., Trial (1st ed. § 772).
July 1968] STATE v. GUNDERSON 227
His first assignment of error relates to the following instruction given by the court:
To convict the defendant Robert Gunderson of the crime of Negligent Homicide, as charged in the information herein, the state must prove to you beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) That on or about the 2nd day of September, 1966, the defendant Robert Gunderson operated a motor vehicle upon a public highway in King County, Washington; (2) That the defendant operated said motor vehicle either: (a) In a reckless manner, OR (b) With disregard for the safety of others, OR (c) While under the influence of or affected by the use of intoxicating liquor; and (3) That as a proximate result of said operation of an automobile, Vicki Bergan died within one year;
If you find that the evidence admitted in this case proves beyond a reasonable doubt elements (1), (3), and either (2) (a), (2)(b) or (2)(c), then it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty of the charge of Negligent Homicide, as charged in the information herein. In the establishment of element (2), you are instructed that it is necessary to prove only one sub-element.
On the other hand, if after weighing all the evidence you then entertain a reasonable doubt as to any of the foregoing elements, you should return a verdict of not guilty. (Instruction No. 4.)We note that the instruction contains the essential ingredients of the negligent homicide statute, RCW 46.61.520(1),«1» upon which the information herein was based.
Defendant urges that there was insufficient evidence to support the submission of the intoxication issue to the jury. We do not agree. The record reveals that on the evening in question defendant admitted having one beer, admitted purchasing a half case of beer, and was handed a beer on three or four different occasions. His condition of sobriety was described by one witness as "slightly
«1» RCW 46.61.520(1) "When the death of any person shall ensue within one year as a proximate result of injury received by the driving of any vehicle by any person while under the influence of or affected by intoxicating liquor or narcotic drugs or by the operation of any vehicle in a reckless manner or with disregard for the safety of others, the person so operating such vehicle shall be guilty of negligent homicide by means of a motor vehicle."
228 STATE v. GUNDERSON [74 Wn.2d 226
affected" and by another as "high". It was said that he weaved when walking and that, while normally quiet and shy, on this occasion he was talkative, laughing and joking. The foregoing evidence was clearly sufficient to support the submission of the issue of driving "[w] hile under the influence of or affected by the use of intoxicating liquor" to the jury. See State v. Uglem, 68 Wn.2d 428, 413 P.2d 643 (1966).
Defendant next contends that the court erred when it instructed the jury that: The unlawful operation of a vehicle in excess of the maximum lawful speed provided at the point of operation and under the circumstances prescribed shall be prima facie evidence of the operation of a motor vehicle in a reckless manner.
"Prima facie evidence" is evidence which suffices for the proof of a particular fact until contradicted or overcome by other evidence. (Instruction No. 8.)The basis for the claimed error is that the instruction "makes no allowance whatsoever for acceleration of a following car in order to pass a leading car, but allows the jury to pin on a defendant recklessness where none necessarily exists."
The first portion of the instruction is a paraphrased recital of RCW 46.61.465«2» and is an accurate rendition of the law. It was not error, therefore, to so assert. The second portion of the instruction afforded defendant an adequate opportunity to rebut, contradict or overcome the prima facie evidence by legitimate argument. In fact his counsel attempted to do so in his closing statement. The claimed assignment is without merit.
[1] The next two assignments of error relate to instructions on the matter of circumstantial evidence. The court charged the jury that:
«2» RCW 46.61.465 "The unlawful operation of a vehicle in excess of the maximum lawful speeds provided in this chapter at the point of operation and under the circumstances described shall be prima facie evidence of the operation of a motor vehicle in a reckless manner by the operator thereof."
July 1968] STATE v. GUNDERSON 229
A fact may be proved by circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of facts or circumstances which give rise to a reasonable inference of the truth of the facts sought to be proved. (Instruction
No. 9.)Defendant insists that the instruction was insufficient because it fails to state that if two postulates can be drawn from the evidence, one of guilt and the other of innocence, then the latter must be adopted.
The theory proposed by the defendant has a sound resting place, but only in those situations where the evidence against the defendant was entirely circumstantial. See State v. Douglas, 71 Wn.2d 303, 428 P.2d 535 (1967). Here the direct evidence would admit of the following facts: that defendant was driving the automobile, had been drinking, was speeding, that he failed to negotiate a turn and his vehicle sheared off utility and fence poles after sliding across the highway. One of his passengers died as a result of injuries received in the accident. The evidence here not being entirely circumstantial, the rule of State v. Douglas, supra, is not applicable. See State v. Studebaker, 67 Wn.2d 980, 410 P.2d 913 (1966).
[2] Defendant then argues that the circumstantial evidence instruction which he proposed should have been given. We quote: You are instructed that if circumstantial evidence is relied upon by the prosecution the facts and circumstances introduced in evidence must be consistent with each other and inconsistent with any theory of defendant's innocence.This would allow the jury to accept any theory of innocence, no matter how absurd, and is thus fatally defective. The theory of innocence referred to must be "reasonable" in nature before it may be adopted. State v. Nelson, 65 Wn.2d 189, 396 P.2d 540 (1964).
[3] The next three assignments of error concern the court's refusal to give proposed instructions relating to excusable homicide, unavoidable accident and the degree of negligence that will not sustain a conviction for
230 STATE v. GUNDERSON [74 Wn.2d 226
negligent homicide. Each such instruction as proposed was negative in nature. We again assert that instructions setting forth matters which will NOT support a criminal conviction need not be given. State v. Brooks, 73 Wn.2d 653; 440 P.2d 199 (1968); State v. Harvey, 57 Wn.2d 295, 356 P.2d 726 (1960).
[4] And finally error is assigned to the order of court deferring imposition of sentence on the condition that defendant pay the sum of $7,500 to the parents of the deceased child, payable on a monthly payment program. Defendant maintains that this constitutes a fine in excess of the maximum $1,000 penalty authorized for negligent homicide,«3» and is therefore void. The trial court did not, nor do we, consider it such. RCW 9.95.210, applicable to the deferment of sentence,«4» provides in part that the order of deferment may be "upon such terms and conditions as it [the court] shall determine." And "[t]he court may also require the defendant to make such monetary payments, on such terms as it deems appropriate under the circumstances, as are necessary . . . (2) to make restitution to any person or persons who may have suffered loss or damage by reason of the commission of the crime in question, . . . ." Certainly the defendant does not argue that the parents of the deceased child did not suffer a loss. The payment required as a condition of deferment is clearly authorized by statute, is not therefore a fine and was grounded in the sound discretion of the trial court. There was no error. The judgment is affirmed.
FINLEY, C. J., WEAVER and ROSELLINI, JJ., and LANGEN-BACH, J. Pro Tem., concur.
«3» RCW 46.61.520(2) "Any person convicted of negligent homicide by means of a motor vehicle shall be punished by imprisonment in the state penitentiary for not more than twenty years, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year, or by fine of not more than one thousand dollars, or by both fine and imprisonment."
«4» State ex rel. Woodhouse O. Dore, 69 Wn.2d 64, 416 P.2d 670 (1966).