66 Wn.2d 38, SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., Respondent, v. PACIFIC INDEMNITY CO., Appellant
[No. 37446. Department Two. Supreme Court April 15, 1965.]
SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., Respondent,
v. PACIFIC INDEMNITY CO., Appellant.«*»

[1] Appeal and Error - Review - Findings. Findings of the trial court when supported by substantial evidence will not be disturbed on appeal.

[2] Insurance - Actions on Policies - Nonownership Coverage - Implied Permission. Where a policy of automobile liability insurance extends coverage to the named insured and such additional persons who operate the vehicle with the insured's permission, there need not be express permission to bring the additional insured within the policy's protection, since whenever the term "permission" appears in such a policy, the courts consider that such term may be read as though the word "implied" preceded it; and an implied permission is not confined to affirmative action, but means an inferential permission, in which a presumption is raised from a course of conduct or relationship between the parties in which there is mutual acquiescence, or lack of objection, signifying consent.

[3] Same - Actions on Policies - Nonownership Coverage - Implied Permission. Where a policy of automobile liability insurance extends coverage to those who use the vehicle with the insured owner's permission, if the owner should reasonably anticipate that because of a permittee's relationship to another, the permittee will allow that other to use the vehicle, the owner's permission, without more, will be found to encompass permission for the other's use.

[4] Same - Actions on Policies - Excess and Pro Rata Clauses - Primary Coverage. Where two insurance policies, one with an excess insurance clause pertaining to nonownership coverage, and the other with a pro rata clause, cover the same automobile liability risk, the policy issued to the owner of the vehicle is the primary policy, and the company issuing it is liable up to the limits of the policy without apportionment.

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for King County, No. 589459, Malcolm Douglas, J., entered October 18, 1963. Affirmed.

Action to resolve insurers' liability for same risk. Defendant appeals from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff.

Guttormsen, Scholfield, Willits & Ager, by Jack P. Scholfield, for appellant.

«*» Reported in 401 P.2d 205.

[2] See Ann. 5 A.L.R.2d 600; Am. Jur. 2d, Automobile Insurance § 112.

April 1965] SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. 39

Clinton, Moats, Andersen & Fleck, by James A. Andersen, for respondent.

BARNETT, J.«†» -

This is an appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of King County in which plaintiff (respondent) obtained a judgment against defendant (appellant) in the sum of $3,618, plus costs. Final determination is sought as to which of two insurance policies covers liability arising out of a collision between two automobiles. Only one accident occurred and each insurance company contends the other is primarily liable.

The respondent Safeco Insurance Company of America, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as Safeco), carried the liability insurance of one Arnold W. Gilbert. The appellant Pacific Indemnity Co. (hereinafter referred to as Pacific), carried the liability insurance of Claude Larson, doing business as Larson Auto Brokers.

The case was tried without a jury and the court made findings of fact and conclusions of law favorable to Safeco. The court found, inter alia,
4. That on November 16, 1958, plaintiff's assureds,
Arnold W. Gilbert and his son James Gilbert, went to
the Larson Auto Brokers used car lot located in Seattle,
Washington, for the purpose of looking at a used car to
be purchased for James Gilbert. James Gilbert was
sixteen years of age and a licensed driver, One Laddie
Henderson, who was a salesman for Mr. Claude Larson d/b/a
Larson Auto Brokers, showed a 1951 Chevrolet 4-door
sedan owned by Larson Auto Brokers to Mr. Arnold W.
Gilbert and his son James Gilbert. Mr. Laddie Henderson
was told that the 1951 Chevrolet was being purchased for
James Gilbert and so stated in a conversation that he
had with Mr. Arnold W. Gilbert and Mr. James Gilbert.
It was part of the established practice and usage at this
used car lot to let prospective purchasers try out
automobiles before they bought them. Approximately five
percent of the cars sold at this time at this car lot were
sold to persons under twenty-one years of age. It was
also the established custom and usage at the car lot that

«†» Judge Barnett is serving as a judge pro tempore of the Supreme Court pursuant to art. 4, § 2(a) (amendment 38), state constitution.

40 SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. [66 Wn. (2d)

when persons under twenty-one years of age came in
with a responsible adult they would be permitted to take
out a car together. Mr. Arnold W. Gilbert was given
express permission to try out the car, and James Gilbert was
also given implied permission to drive the car. Mr. Arnold
W. Gilbert drove the car out of the lot and later, while
he and James Gilbert were trying out the car, Mr. James
Gilbert was permitted to drive the automobile.
5. The 1951 Chevrolet being driven by James Gilbert
accompanied by Mr. Arnold W. Gilbert, his father, was,
on November 16, 1958, shortly after they had picked up
the automobile from Larson Auto Brokers, involved in
an accident at the intersection of West 62d Street and
Fifth Northwest in the general vicinity of the Larson
Auto Brokers place of business, said accident being in
the City of Seattle, King County, Washington. The other
vehicle involved in the accident was a 1952 Chevrolet
4-door sedan belonging to and being driven by Mabel S.
Brown who was accompanied in her car at the time of
the accident by her minor son Waldo Brown. Both Mabel
Brown and her minor son Waldo Brown were injured in
the accident and the accident was caused by the
negligence of the driver James Gilbert in failing to yield the
right of way to the Brown vehicle which was on his right
in an unmarked intersection. and in driving at an
excessive rate of speed.
Pacific assigns as error the admitting into evidence of certain testimony of James Gilbert. He testified by deposition.

The question propounded was:
Did you do anything at all while you were at Larson's
Auto Brokers, either before or after the accident, which
might indicate you were going to drive the car? A. Well.
the salesman did know the car was for me and he said
that, well, it was made clear because my dad had told
them he didn't want the car. He did say himself that he
knew the car was for me. (Italics ours.) The court sustained the objection to the first sentence and admitted the last.

It is argued that the answer was not responsive. Patently the answer was competent and admissible with reference to the implied permission of James Gilbert to drive the car and it was not reversible error requiring a new trial. Bussard v. Fireman's Fund Indem. Co., 44 Wn.2d 417, 267 P.2d

April 1965] SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. 41

1062. Furthermore, the testimony was adduced by deposition. The court can see upon inspection that, although the form of the question may be technically objectionable, the answer furnishes proper evidence. Substance, rather than form, should be heeded. See 16 Am. Jur. Depositions § 132, p. 757.

The second assignment of error focuses attention upon finding of fact No. 4. It is contended that the evidence does not support a finding that Laddie Henderson was told that the car was for James Gilbert, when that salesman stated as much in a conversation he had with Arnold Gilbert and James Gilbert. It is urged, also, that there is no evidence that persons under 21 would be permitted to take cars out if accompanied by a responsible adult, or that James Gilbert was given implied permission to drive the car.

The testimony of James Gilbert to which we have previously made reference sustains the finding that the salesman knew that the car was intended for James Gilbert. Relating to whether persons under 21 would be permitted to take cars out, Claude Larson's pretrial deposition reads in part:
Q. All right. Now when a young man or a young lady
would come in to purchase a car and would bring an
adult in, an obviously responsible person or someone
that appeared to you or your salesman to be responsible,
would you let them take the car out and try it under
those circumstances? A. Yes.

Later at trial, on cross-examination, Mr. Larson testified:
Q. Okay. And someone under 21 who came into your
lot with a responsible adult was permitted to take out a
car, was he not? A. Yes. I would give it to the adult if
he looked like a respectable person.

On direct examination, Mr. Larson testified to the effect that he would not let a teenager drive unless he or a salesman went along.

[1] Pacific contends that the testimony elicited from Mr. Larson leads to a contrary inference than that persons under 21 would be permitted to take cars out if accompanied by a responsible adult. Such an argument relates to the weight of the evidence only rather than to the lack

42 SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. [66 Wn. (2d)

of it. Since there was substantial evidence to warrant the trial court's finding, we will not disturb that finding. Thorndike v. Hesperian Orchards, Inc., 54 Wn.2d 570, 343 P.2d 183.

The second and third assignments of error question whether there was sufficient evidence to find that James Gilbert was given implied permission to drive the car and was an insured under Pacific liability.

The omnibus clause in the Pacific liability policy provides as follows:

[T]he unqualified word "insured" includes the named
insured and also includes . . . (2) any person while
using an automobile covered by this policy, and any
person or organization legally responsible for the use thereof,
provided the actual use of the automobile is by the named
insured or with his permission.

In the instant case, we have a 16-year-old boy who went with his father to a used car lot for the purpose of looking at a used car to be purchased for the son. The boy was a licensed driver. A salesman showed a car owned by the Larson Auto Brokers to the father and son. The salesman knew the car was being purchased for the son. It was part of the established practice and usage at this lot to let prospective purchasers try out automobiles before they bought them. Approximately 5 per cent of the cars sold at this time at this lot were sold to persons under 21 years of age. It was the established custom and usage at this lot that when persons under 21 years of age came in with a responsible adult they would be permitted to take out a car together. The father was given express permission to drive the car. There was no admonition against the car being driven by the son. Does the evidence justify a finding that Larson gave implied permission to James to drive the car?

[2] This court, in McKee v. Garrison, 37 Wn.2d 37, 39, 221 P.2d 514, discussed "implied permission" contained in a policy of liability insurance:
What may constitute implied permission on the part of
a covered owner of an automobile to another to drive it,
so as to give such driver protection as an additional

April 1965] SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. 43

insured, is discussed in 7 Appleman on Insurance Law and

Practice 166, § 4365, where the author states:
"It has been definitely held that it is not essential that
express permission be given for use of the automobile
by the operator in order to give him protection as an
additional insured; permission may be implied for such
use under the facts and circumstances of the case. And
wherever the terms `consent', `permission', or the like,
appear in the policy, the courts consider that such terms
may be read as though the word `implied' preceded them.

A general permission would suffice, although if express
permission is relied upon, it must be of an affirmative
character, directly and distinctly stated, clear and
outspoken, and not left merely to inference. An implied
permission, on the other hand, is not confined to affirmative
action, but means an inferential permission, in which a
presumption is raised from a course of conduct or
relationship between the parties in which there is mutual
acquiescence or lack of objection signifying consent.
". . . .
In order to infer permission within the meaning of the
policy clause before us, there must be some course of
conduct or relationship between the parties from which
a trier of fact can conclude the owner contemplated the
additional insured would make the use of the automobile
out of which the claim of liability arose.

Pacific relies heavily upon McKee, supra, because the court held that where the owner of an automobile requested a neighbor to find out what was wrong with the brake which was "grabbing," permission to drive the automobile could not be inferred merely because the neighbor, in experimenting with the operation of the brake, thought such a venture would better enable him to discover the cause of its "grabbing." We said, p. 40:

The trial court was of the opinion that Reese neither
knew nor had any reason to believe that Garrison would
have occasion to drive her automobile, she not being
familiar with the methods used in automobile repairing.

(Italics ours.)

Is there any doubt that the used car salesman in the instant case, knowing that the car was to be purchased for the boy, entertained the slightest notion that the boy

44 SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. (66 Wn. (2d)

would not drive the car to test it with his father? A woman may not know how brakes are tested, but surely a used car salesman knows that a father is going to let his son test-drive a car that is bought for the son. The sagacious trial judge did not err in his ruling.

Safeco also contends in essence that, because Arnold Gilbert was given express permission to use the car, to try it out, there being no deviation from that use, Arnold Gilbert had implied permission to delegate the driving to James.

Not only was it the son's purpose to look for a car for himself, but looking for a car for his son was likewise the father's purpose. The accident occurred near the used car lot just after the Gilberts had picked up the car and, while the Gilberts were fulfilling the purpose of trying it out, the son was permitted by the father to drive.

These facts come within the purview of Wood v. Kok, 58 Wn.2d 12, 360 P.2d 576. In that case, Kok was granted permission by the owner of the car to take possession for the purpose of trying it out in contemplation of trading automobiles. He permitted a 14-year-old girl friend, an unlicensed driver, to drive the car. While she was driving and he was sitting next to her, the accident occurred. The Woods were granted judgment against Kok. The girl driver was a stranger to the owner of the car, who did not know Kok was permitting her to drive until after she accident. In holding that Kok came within the omnibus clause of a policy, this court said, p. 15:
"Use" and "operation" as used here are not synonymous
terms. A person may be using an automobile and yet
not be operating it. At the time of the accident, Ronald
was using the automobile for his own convenience and
pleasure. It makes no difference under the omnibus clause
that, in carrying out this use, he had another person
operating the automobile. At the same time, the
automobile was being put to his use.

See, also, 7 Am. Jur. 2d Automobile Insurance § 117, p. 435.

[3] In a case, not cited in the briefs, recently decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, State Farm Mut.

April 1965] SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. 45

Auto Ins. Co. v. Williamson, 331 F.2d 517, 520, the court said:

If an owner reasonably should anticipate that, in view
of the scope and nature of the permission granted (even
if less than unfettered dominion), and because of the
permittee's relationship to another, the permittee will
allow that other to use the car, the owner's permission.
without more, can be found to encompass permission for
that use. (Italics ours.)

Here, we have the relationship of father and son, each looking for a car for the son. Under this second theory also, Arnold Gilbert had implied permission to delegate the driving of the car to his son James.

Referring now to the fourth, fifth and sixth assignments of error, Pacific contends that, in the event the court should find it liable, the loss should be sustained by both companies on a pro rata basis. This argument is premised on the respective provisions of the two policies.

The Safeco policy provides:
Other Insurance. If the insured has other insurance
against a loss covered by the Physical Damage Section
of this policy, SAFECO shall not be liable under this policy
for a greater proportion of such loss than the applicable
limit of liability of this policy bears to the total applicable
limit of liability of all valid and collectible insurance
against such loss; provided, however, tide insurance
hereunder with respect to temporary substitute automobiles
or to non-owned automobiles shall be excess insurance
over any other valid and collectible insurance.

The Pacific policy reads:
Other Insurance. If the insured has other insurance
against a loss covered by this policy the company shall not
be liable under this policy for a greater proportion of such
loss than the applicable limit of liability stated in the
declarations bears to the total applicable limit of liability
of all valid and collectible insurance against such loss.

It is argued that the two policies are in conflict and there is no logical reason or legal basis for the court to prefer one over the other.

In approaching this question, we call attention to Central Surety & Ins. Corp. v. London & Lancashire Indem. Co. of

46 SAFECO INS. CO. v. PACIFIC INDEM. CO. (66 Wn. (2d)