[No. 36624. Department Two. Supreme Court February 20, 1964.]
INVESTMENT SERVICE CO., Appellant, v. JOHN L. LALONDE,
Respondent.«*»
[1] Evidence - Presumptions - Law of Other States. If the law of another jurisdiction is not pleaded, it will be presumed to be the same as that of Washington.
[2] Sales - Conditional Sales - Deficiency Judgment - Effect - Application of Rule. Any security interest which clearly reserves to the vendor the right to obtain a deficiency judgment subsequent to the repossession of the chattel will be treated as a chattel mortgage, even though it purports to be a conditional sales contract.
[3] Same - Conditional Sales - Election of Remedies - Avoidance - Effect. A provision in a conditional sale contract which purports to prevent an election of remedy when the chattel is repossessed is ineffective and will be disregarded when considering the nature of the instrument, and does not require the security interest to be treated as a chattel mortgage.
[4] Same - Conditional Sales - Ambiguity as to Form. The rule that an ambiguous security contract will be construed as a chattel mortgage does not apply where the only uncertainty as to the true nature of the interest created is introduced by a single clause which, read in isolation, is unclear as to whether it provides for the remedy of a deficiency judgment or merely amounts to an attempt to avoid an election of remedy.
[5] Same - Conditional Sales - Filing and Recording - Foreign Contracts. Foreign conditional sales contracts may be filed in this state, and compliance with the applicable statutes is necessary to protect the security interest.
*Reported in 389 P. (2d) 414.
[1] See Am. Jur., Evidence (1st ed. § 178).
Feb. 1964] INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE 835
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Clark County, No. 37130, Eugene G. Cushing, J., entered March 5, 1962. Reversed and remanded.
Action for replevin. Plaintiff appeals from a summary judgment in favor of the defendant.
Ned Hall (Hart, Rockwood, Davies, Biggs & Strayer and Donald Paul Hodel, of counsel), for appellant.
Robert L. Harris, for respondent.
FINLEY, J. -
This appeal involves a contest between (1) the holder-assignee of a security interest reserved by the seller of an automobile, and (2) a subsequent purchaser of that automobile. The memorandum of sale was filed as a conditional sale contract. The subsequent purchaser is contending that the security interest is actually a chattel mortgage; that filing it as a conditional sale contract was of no effect, and that he consequently acquired the automobile unencumbered by the security interest. In support of his contention the subsequent purchaser relies upon his interpretation of a provision in the contract which, he claims, authorized the vendor - and/or security holder (a) to repossess the chattel after default by the buyer, and (b) to thereafter obtain a deficiency judgment for the amount remaining due on the contract price. The trial court was persuaded by this argument relating to the dubious contract provision and held that the provision made the security interest a chattel mortgage, and that its being filed as a conditional sale contract consequently was ineffectual, resulting in the entry of summary judgment in favor of the subsequent purchaser.
The circumstances of the original sale may be summarized as follows: Francis Motor Car Company, a corporation located and doing business in the state of Oregon, sold a 1961 Ford automobile to Floyd Johnson, a resident of Clark County, Washington. A document entitled, Retail Installment Contract, was executed, whereby the vendor retained a security interest in the automobile to secure the balance owing on the sales contract. This
836 INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE [63 Wn. (2d)
document was subsequently filed in Clark County as a conditional sales contract.
Shortly thereafter, the respective interests of both the vendor and vendee passed to others. The Francis Motor Car Company assigned the security interest to the United States National Bank of Portland, which, subsequently, assigned it to Investment Service Company, the plaintiff-appellant herein. After Johnson, the original vendee, obtained possession of the automobile under the original sale, Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation (a judgment creditor of Johnson) levied upon the automobile in Clark County, and purchased it at the ensuing execution sale. On the following day, the Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation sold and delivered the automobile to the defendant-respondent, John LaLonde.
Johnson defaulted on the original contract by refusing to make further payments, and the appellant, Investment Service Company, demanded surrender of the automobile. The respondent LaLonde, then in possession of the automobile, refused to surrender it, and Investment Service Company instituted the instant replevin action. After the summary judgment for LaLonde, Investment Service initiated this appeal, claiming the right to immediate possession because of Johnson's default respecting the alleged conditional sales contract.
The crucial question is whether the security interest reserved by the vendor involves a conditional sales contract or a chattel mortgage. If the security device was in fact a chattel mortgage because it contained a provision authorizing a deficiency judgment, then there was no Washington filing, as such, and LaLonde, having no constructive notice of plaintiff's interest, must prevail.
[1] There is no contention on appeal that the characterization of the security device should be made by resort to law other than that of Washington. We do not reach any conflict of law issue on this point, even though the contract was made in Oregon, and that state was apparently the situs of the chattel at the time of delivery pursuant to the contract. If the law of another jurisdiction is not pleaded,
Feb. 1964] INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE 837
it will be presumed to be the same as that of Washington. Nissen v. Gatlin (1962), 60 Wn. (2d) 259, 373 P. (2d) 491. In Norm Advertising, Inc. v. Monroe Street Lbr. Co. (1946), 25 Wn. (2d) 391, 171 P. (2d) 177, we said:
". . . While chapter 82, p. 204, Laws of 1941 (Rem. Supp. 1941, §§ 1278 to 1281), provides that the courts of this state shall take judicial notice of the constitution, common law, and statutes of every other state, nevertheless § 1281, supra, requires that such laws be pleaded, which was not done in this case."
The respondent's claim that the appellant's security interest must be treated as a chattel mortgage is based upon certain language in the memorandum of sale, purportedly authorizing a deficiency judgment. The challenged provision is in the section of the security document which spells out the remedies available to the vendor upon default by the vendee. This section contains three separate provisions, denoted as (a), (b) and (c). Clause (a) provides for the repossession of the automobile upon default, and clause (b) provides for suit for the purchase price, without repossessing or otherwise resorting to the property. It is the third clause (c) that contains the allegedly objectionable provision, and is the source of the present dispute. In part, it provides that upon default by the vendee the vendor may
"(c) Elect any other legal or equitable remedy for the recovery of said property or the collection of the amount remaining due under this contract, or both; . . . Any action by seller to enforce payment shall not waive any of seller's rights hereunder or pass title to said property, and all rights and remedies hereunder are cumulative and not alternative." (Italics ours.)
It is urged by the respondent that the words, "or both," indicate that the property can be recovered, and then the amount remaining due can also be recovered. He also emphasizes the word, "cumulative," in reference to the remedies in the entire section, including clauses (a) and (b), and he asserts that this can only indicate that all of the remedies are to be available and in any order, making
838 INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE [63 Wn. (2d)
it possible to repossess, and then obtain a deficiency judgment.
On the other hand, the appellant emphasizes the word, "elect," and the provision which states that an action on the price shall not pass title in the property to the vendee. He suggests that the intent indicated by the words, "or both," is to allow an action on the purchase price, and then repossession of the property, if the judgment cannot be collected. By thus reversing the order in which it is intended that the remedies be exercisable, the provision is no longer one for a deficiency judgment, but actually is an abortive attempt, contractually, to safeguard the vendor from an election of remedies precipitated by his bringing an action for the purchase price.
[2] If the respondent is correct in his contention that the quoted provision is one for a deficiency judgment, the instrument is a chattel mortgage under Washington law. Smith v. Downs (1956), 48 Wn. (2d) 165, 292 P. (2d) 205; West American Finance Co. v. Finstad (1928), 146 Wash. 315, 262 Pac. 636. The Finstad decision established the Washington rule that any security interest, purporting to be a conditional sales contract which reserved to the vendor the right to obtain a deficiency judgment after repossession of the chattel, would be treated as being in reality a chattel mortgage and ineffective as to third parties, unless it was filed as a chattel mortgage. The basic reasoning in Finstad was that such a provision, being inconsistent with the rights available under the conditional sale pattern, made it uncertain as to what the parties actually intended, and where such ambiguity existed the preference of the courts for chattel mortgages would carry the day. However, the long line of cases following the Finstad rule, and particularly Smith v. Downs, supra, have made it clear that the Finstad rule is not a rule of construction but a rule of law. The Smith case quoted the following language from Roberts v. Speck (1932), 170 Wash. 324, 16 P. (2d) 463:
"`It is now the law of this jurisdiction that the use of certain words in the contract between the parties must
Feb. 1964] INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE 839
be held to lead to certain legal consequences, even, though the parties may not have intended such a result.'"
Thus, in any case where the remedy of a deficiency judgment was clearly provided it would follow that the security arrangement would be a chattel mortgage rather than a conditional sale.
However, it may be doubted that the clause here in question is clearly a provision for a deficiency judgment. If, as appellant argues, the provision is intended merely to prevent the bringing of suit for the balance due on the purchase price from being a binding election of remedy and a bar against a later repossession, then the case falls outside of the Finstad rule. The nature of the contract is to be determined by the normal rules of construction. Even though such a provision is completely ineffective in Washington and will not prevent an election from taking place, the interpretation advanced by the appellant is not thereby precluded if it is found to have been the actual intent of the draftsman and the parties. Such a provision was before this court in Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. v. Hedlund Lbr. & Mfg. Co. (1931), 164 Wash. 296, 2 P. (2d) 708, where the remedy clause read, in part:
"`. . . The Company may pursue all legal remedies to enforce payment hereunder, but if unable to collect may thereafter repossess the property. . . .'" As that language amounted to only an ineffective attempt to avoid an election of remedies rather than providing for a deficiency judgment, it was in effect struck from the instrument, leaving nothing inconsistent with an intended conditional sale contract.
[3] The Allis-Chalmers decision is consistent with the Finstad rule, and correctly states the law of Washington. Each case involved the inclusion of a provision in the remedies section of a conditional sales contract, which is unavailable for such contracts in Washington. However, it is the nature of the provision included which alters the legal consequences - not the mere existence of some inconsistency. Apparently, vendors are sometimes tempted
840 INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE [63 Wn. (2d)
to include an unauthorized deficiency provision to give them added leverage in dealing with their vendees outside the courts. Possibly as a deterrent to this, the courts have ruled that such an inclusion alters the nature of the contract, making it a chattel mortgage. This result, sometimes harsh to the vendor, is unnecessary where the attempt is only to prevent an election of remedies. There the vendee is sufficiently protected if the courts simply disregard the inconsistent and/or offending language.
[4] In the present case, the offending language is ambiguous. When it is considered in vacuo, it cannot be said whether the intent was to provide for a deficiency or to prevent an election of remedies when suit is brought for the purchase price. This ambiguity relates, however, to the meaning of this particular clause, and not the entire contract. This renders inapplicable the rule that, where the entire contract is ambiguous as to its intended form, a chattel mortgage interpretation is preferred. Where there is no clear provision for a deficiency judgment, the intention of the parties must be ascertained by reading the instrument as a whole, construing, where possible, each part as being consistent with the whole. See: In re Proctor, 156 F. Supp. 868 (W.D. Wash. 1957). This approach reserves the application of the Finstad rule to those cases where it is clear that the intent was to provide a deficiency remedy, thereby effectuating the policy underlying that decision without unduly creating pitfalls for the unwary draftsman.
This disposes of the issue of law presented in this appeal from the summary judgment. But the case must be remanded for further proceedings as to the rights of the parties under this conditional sales contract. Another issue presented in the arguments before this court should be considered.
[5] The stipulated facts show the contract was executed in Oregon on October 26, 1960, and filed in Washington on November 7, 1960. The conditional sales filing statute, RCW 63.12.010, in force on that date, provides that conditional sales become absolute as to members of the protected class unless filed within 10 days from the time the
Feb. 1964] INVESTMENT SER. CO. v. LaLONDE 841
vendee takes possession of the chattel. Here the vendor contemplated the immediate removal of the chattel to Washington and, therefore, could only protect his security interest by compliance with the Washington statute. Isaacs v. Mack Motor Truck Corp. (1957), 50 Wn. (2d) 325, 311 P. (2d) 663. Foreign conditional sales contracts may be filed in Washington, and the burden is on the security holder to do so. Removal of the automobile to this state has not been shown to have been other than immediately upon the consummation of the sale, so we do not reach the question of whether the 10 days allowed for the filing of the conditional sales memorandum runs from the time possession is first delivered or from the time possession begins within the state of Washington.
The cause is reversed and remanded, with costs to appellant.
OTT, C. J., DONWORTH, WEAVER, and HAMILTON, JJ., concur.
April 10, 1964. Petition for rehearing denied.