PAULINE HERRIED, Appellant, v. PIERCE COUNTY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BENEFIT AUTHORITY CORPORATION, ET AL., Respondents.
[1] Civil Rights - Sex Discrimination - Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work Environment - Elements - In General. To prevail on a claim of hostile work environment sexual harassment under the Law Against Discrimination (RCW 49.60), an employee must prove that the alleged harassment (1) was unwelcome, (2) occurred because of sex, (3) affected the terms or conditions of employment, and (4) can be imputed to the employer.
[2] Civil Rights - Sex Discrimination - Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work Environment - Elements - Gender-Causal
Feb. 1998 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. 469
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
Link. A claim of hostile work environment sexual harassment is not established if the claimant's gender did not motivate the harassing conduct.
[3] Civil Rights - Sex Discrimination - Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work Environment - Offensive Conduct - Hostile and Intimidating Conduct - Sexually Neutral. Hostile and intimidating conduct directed equally toward employees of both genders without apparent sexual motivation is not actionable as hostile work environment sexual harassment.
[4] Civil Rights - Sex Discrimination - Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work Environment - Employer's Responsibility - Test. For purposes of a claim of hostile work environment sexual harassment, offensive conduct is not imputable to the employer unless the employer authorized, know, or should have known of the conduct and failed to take reasonably prompt and adequate corrective action. Corrective action taken by an employer is adequate if it is taken promptly and is reasonably calculated to end the harassment.
[5] Industrial Insurance - Right of Action - Exclusive Remedy - Statutory Authority. The Industrial Insurance Act (Title 51 RCW) withdraws jurisdiction from the courts over all civil personal injury actions by employees against employers except as provided by the act.
[6] Appeal - Assignments of Error - Argument - Authority - Necessity. An appellate court may decline to consider a claim or issue unsupported by argument or citation to authority.
[7] Costs - Depositions - Taxable Costs - Summary Judgment Proceeding. When a trial court uses a defendant's depositions as a basis for granting a summary judgment in the defendant's favor, the defendant's expenses in taking the depositions are taxable as costs.
Nature of Action: An employee sought damages from her employer for sexual harassment by a fellow employee and for negligent supervision of the fellow employee.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Pierce County, No. 94-2-01261-O, Waldo F. Stone, J., on May 24, 1996, entered a summary judgment in favor of the defendant.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the sexual harassment claim was precluded by the plaintiff's failure to establish that the alleged harassment was because of her sex or that the defendant failed to take prompt corrective action, and that the defendants' deposition expenses were properly taxed as costs, the court affirms the judgment.
470 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. Feb. 1998
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
Erik J. Bjornson of Law Offices of Stan Kanarowski, for appellant.
Bruce L. Schroeder and Rodney B. Younker of Summit Law Group, PL.L.C., for respondents.
ARMSTRONG, J. - Pauline Herried, a training instructor with Pierce Transit, sued her employer, alleging that she was sexually harassed by a fellow employee. She also alleged that Pierce Transit was liable for negligently supervising the fellow employee. The trial court granted summary judgment for the employer, ruling that Herried failed to show that she was harassed because of her sex; the court also ruled that Herried's negligent supervision claim was barred by the Industrial Insurance Act. We affirm.
FACTS
Herried and Ed Washington, both employees of Pierce Transit, started working together as instructors in March" 1989. In August 1989, Herried and a fellow instructor, Sharon Olsen, complained to their supervisor that Washington was shirking work, and that Washington was defensive when asked to help with office work. Herried made no complaints that Washington was sexually harassing her.
Pierce Transit hired a consultant, Ken Schultz, to resolve the department's personality conflicts. After Schultz met with the instructors individually and as a group, the department, according to Herried, "quieted down a little bit."
In late 1990, conflicts began again. Herried complained to her new manager, Steve Nunan, that she felt Washington
Feb. 1998 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. 471
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
was sexually harassing her. Nunan interviewed the entire current staff and a former instructor. Nunan met individually with department members and discussed problems in the performance of each. Nunan explained that Washington's rude and unprofessional acts did not constitute sexual harassment. Nunan also discussed with Herried complaints that had been made about her own unprofessional behavior. Finally, Nunan listed "expectations" for the entire department, including a demand that all unprofessional behaviors cease.
Pierce Transit also brought in another consultant, Pablo Stanfield, who interviewed and conducted mediation sessions with department personnel. But these ended when Herried refused to participate because the whole department was not involved.
There were no further complaints until July 7, 1992. On this date, Washington bumped Herried with his body as she was standing in front of a filing cabinet. Herried drafted an incident report, and Nunan conducted interviews the following week with both Herried and Washington. Washington denied any knowledge of the accident.
On July 22 & 23, Marcie Ruskin, a "fair employment practices consultant," was brought in to address issues of race discrimination alleged by Washington. Ruskin found no racial discrimination, but suggested an immediate formal investigation into Herried's assault allegation. This investigation, which included tape-recorded interviews with 22 Pierce Transit employees, was conducted by Mary Ann Jackson (Director of Operations and Nunan's boss) and Willy Gorrissen (Director of Finance and Administration). The investigation resulted in an internal memorandum, which concluded that Washington had intentionally assaulted Herried. As a result, Washington was demoted, removed from the department, and warned that any further infractions would result in termination.
In October 1993, a year later, Herried encountered Washington in a hallway in Pierce Transit's main administration building. Washington refused to move aside as they
472 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. Feb. 1998
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
passed, forcing her to press against the lockers. The two did not touch or exchange words.
Six days later, Herried reported the incident to Nunan. Herried also had a delayed emotional stress reaction to her situation and took three and one-half months medical leave.
Herried also described an incident in which a car stopped quickly behind her in the employee parking lot and followed her closely until she left the lot. Herried believed that Washington was the driver.
Herried received workers' compensation for all of the medical treatment and psychological counseling for injuries associated with the July 7, 1992, assault.
The Superior Court of Pierce County granted summary judgment for Pierce Transit on Herried's sexual harassment and negligent supervision claims. The court awarded prevailing party costs under RCW 4.84.010 and 4.84.090. These costs included the court reporter's appearance fee for Herried's deposition.
ANALYSIS
We will affirm a summary judgment only if the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and admissions on file demonstrate the absence of any genuine issues of material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. And we must consider all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Wilson v. Steinbach, 98 Wn.2d 434, 437, 656 P.2d 1030 (1982); Seven Gables Corp. v. MGM/UA Entertainment Co., 106 Wn.2d 1, 12-13, 721 P.2d 1 (1986).
A. Sexual Harassment Claims
[1] Herried first argues that the trial court erred in dismissing her sexual harassment claim under RCW 49. 60. 030. To establish a work environment sexual harassment claim, the employee must prove that: (1) the harassment was unwelcome, (2) the harassment was because of sex, (3) the harassment affected the terms or conditions of
Feb. 1998 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. 473
90 Wn. App. 468, 967 P.2d 767
employment, and (4) the harassment is imputed to the employer. Glasgow v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 103 Wn.2d 401, 406-07, (i93 P.2d 708 (1985).
1. Gender Related
[2] Under the second element of the Glasgow test, conduct is actionable as sexual harassment only if it is because of sex. Glasgow, 103 Wn.2d at 406. This requires that the gender of the plaintiff-employee be the motivating factor for harassment. Id. Here, Herried failed to establish that her gender was the motivating factor for Washington's conduct. She points to Washington's intimidating behavior, his lifting weights at his desk, and his speaking to other instructors in a very threatening manner, particularly one of the female instructors, Krista Sheehy.
[3] The record, however, demonstrates that Washington's hostility and his intimidating conduct were directed at other fellow employees, both male and female. Sheehy noted that "Washington's angry behavior and intimidating style was the same whether he was interacting with men or women." Herried herself never perceived any of Washington's actions to be sexual in nature. For example, she did not hear him tell dirty jokes, or say or do anything sexually suggestive. Furthermore, other employees never saw Washington do anything sexual in nature. An employee's conduct that is hostile and intimidating, without more, is not actionable as sexual harassment. See, e.g., Miller v. Aluminum Co., 679 F. Supp. 495, 502 (W.D. Pa. ) ("Hostile behavior that does not bespeak an unlawful motive cannot support a hostile work environment claim."), aff'd without opinion, 856 F.2d 184 (3d Cir. 1988).
In Payne v. Children's Home Soc'y of Wash., Inc., 77 Wn. App. 507, 892 R2d 1102 (1995), Payne testified that her manager treated women more harshly than men, although he had verbally abused employees of both sexes. The court stated that "[t]he fact that discriminatory behavior is not directed at all members of plaintiffs gender is not fatal, so long as the plaintiff shows if she had been of the opposite
474 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. Feb. 1998
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
gender, she would not have been so treated." Payne, 77 Wn. App. at 515. Payne, however, had not submitted any affidavits from female employees supporting her allegations, and her own statements were conclusory and hearsay; thus, she failed to produce evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment. Here, Herried has failed to produce any evidence that Washington's harassment was directed toward her because of her sex.
2. Corrective Action
[4] Homed has also failed to meet the fourth element of Glasgow-imputing liability to Pierce Transit for Washington's conduct. To impute liability to Pierce Transit, Herried must show that Pierce Transit "(a) authorized, knew, or should have known of the harassment, and (b) failed to take reasonably prompt and adequate corrective action." Glasgow, 103 Wn. 2d at 407. This element may be proven by showing "that the employer's remedial action was not of such nature as to have been reasonably calculated to end the harassment." Id.
Pierce Transit took remedial action after each of Herried's complaints. In 1989, Pierce Transit hired consultant Ken Schultz, and Herried admitted during her deposition that the conflicts in the department "quieted down a little bit."
In 1990, when Herried complained to Steve Nunan, Nunan interviewed all current and several former members of the department. Nunan then distributed "expectations" for all personnel in the department, and met individually with each member to discuss the complaints both from and against that member. Pierce Transit also brought in another consultant, Pablo Stanfield. Although Stanfield's work was cut short when Herried refused to participate, there were no complaints in the department for two years.
The next incident was the assault in 1992. Horned admitted in an internal investigatory interview with Willy Gorrisen that she and Washington had gotten along "pretty good over the past couple years." After the assault, Herried did not immediately make her manager aware of how
Feb. 1998 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. 475
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
serious the assault was. When Pierce Transit became aware of the serious nature of the assault, it placed the entire department on paid administrative leave to prevent any further hosthe conduct and then thoroughly investigated. As a result of its investigation, Pierce Transit demoted Washington and removed him from the department. Pierce Transit also accommodated Herried's delayed emotional reaction to the incident by giving her three months paid medical leave.«1»
Thus, the record establishes without dispute that Pierce Transit acted promptly with investigations and recommendations reasonably calculated to resolve the conflicts between Herried and Washington. Herried has, therefore, not produced evidence sufficient to impute liability to Pierce Transit as Washington's employer.
B. Negligent Supervision Claims
Herried contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her negligent supervision claim.
We first note that part of Herried's negligent supervision claim is foreclosed by our ruling on her discrimination claims. Since Herried has not produced proof that she was the subject of gender-based discrimination, she cannot claim that Pierce Transit was negligent in supervising an employee who allegedly discriminated. What remains is an allegation of negligent supervision for Washington's nondiscriminatory assault on Herried.
An employer can be liable for negligently supervising an employee. Thompson v. Everett Clinic, 71 Wn. App. 548, 555, 860 R2d 1054 (1993). But Herried cites only to Thompson and Peck v. Siau, 65 Wn. App. 285, 827 P.2d 1108 (1992). Both cases involved claims by third persons against the employer, not an employee's claim against her own employer. Here, Herried asserts the claim against her own employer. And Pierce Transit argues that the
«1» Herried's medical bills incurred because of the incident have also been paid.
476 HERRIED v. PIERCE COUNTY TRANSP. Feb. 1998
90 Wn. App. 468, 957 P.2d 767
Industrial Insurance Act affords it immunity for these claims by its employee.
[5] With certain exceptions, the Industrial Insurance Act abolishes judicial jurisdiction over all civil actions for personal injuries arising between employees and the employers. Seattle-First Nat'l Bank v. Shoreline Concrete Co., 91 Wn.2d 230, 242, 588 R2d 1308 (1978). The only exceptions are for intentional injuries, RCW 51.24.020, or where the injuries are somehow separate from the physical injury. See, e.g., Reese v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 107 Wn.2d 563, 731 E2d 497 (1987); Wheeler v. Catholic Archdiocese, 65 Wn. App. 552, 829 R2d 196 (1992), rev'd in part on other grounds, 124 Wn.2d 634 (1994).
[6] Herried has not cited any cases dealing with exceptions to the Industrial Insurance Act or even specified what injuries she claims as a result of the "negligent supervision." Indeed, Herried does not cite or even mention the Industrial Insurance Act--the basis of the trial court's ruling --in her brief. The appellate court need not consider issues that are not supported by argument or authority. State v. Farmer, 116 Wn.2d 414, 805 R2d 200, 13 A.L.R.5TH 1070 (1991); American Legion Post No. 32 u. City of Walla Walla, 116 Wn.2d 1, 7, 802 R2d 784 (1991).
[7] When defendants prevail, the costs incurred in taking depositions specifically considered by the trial court in support of the summary judgment are taxable. Gearheart v. Shelton, 23 Wn. App. 292, 595 R2d 67 (1979). The superior court stated that its decision was based in part on the materials submitted by these respondents, and on examination of the record. We believe the trial court must have considered the deposition. The costs were, thus, properly taxed. Spurrell v. Block, 40 Wn. App. 854, 871, 701 P.2d 529 (1985).
We affirm.
Mar. 1998 STATE v. ACKERMAN 477
90 Wn. App. 477, 953 P.2d 816
HOUGHTON, C.J., and MORGAN, J., concur.
Review denied at 136 Wn.2d 1005 (1998).