[No. 63495-0-I. Division One. July 19, 2010.]
May 24, 2010, Oral Argument
Jennifer D. Stutzer, for appellant.
Robert M. McKenna, Attorney General, and Sarah Reyes and Melissa L. Nelson, Assistants, for respondent.
¶1 LAU, J. -- Facing the possible involuntary termination of her parental rights through a dependency termination proceeding, Carmen Sigurdson decided to voluntarily relinquish her rights to the Department of Social and Health Services (Department) in exchange for an open adoption arrangement. After a court commissioner approved the agreement, Sigurdson changed her mind and sought to revoke her consent to the relinquishment and adoption. She argued that duress exerted by her mother justified revocation. Interpreting the duress provision under RCW 26.33.160, the commissioner denied her motion, concluding that only duress exerted by the Department could establish grounds for revocation. We affirm.
FACTS
¶2 Sigurdson gave birth to M.S. on October 29, 2005. Nine months later, M.S. was declared dependent under RCW 13.34.030(5) based on Sigurdson's methamphetamine addiction and parental neglect. On August 29, 2006, a court commissioner ordered services to address Sigurdson's drug addiction and correct parental deficiencies and placed M.S. in foster care with her maternal grandmother, Bari Willard. ¶3 When Sigurdson failed to participate in court ordered services, the Department petitioned to terminate her parental rights to M.S. on September 13, 2007. ¶4 But sometime before trial, Sigurdson agreed to relinquish her parental rights and consent to her daughter's adoption. 3. I realize that it is not in the best interest of [M.S.] to reside with me, and I confirm that I desire to and hereby consent to relinquish custody of the child to the State of Washington, Department of Social and Health Services, and hereby authorize the Department of Social and Health Services to have custody of the child and to have the power and authority to authorize and provide all necessary care for said child which shall include but not be limited to, foster care, medical care, dental care, evaluations of the child and placement of the child with prospective adoptive parents. 4. I hereby consent to termination of my parental rights and request the court to enter an order permanently terminating all of my parental rights to the child. I further consent to the child's adoption and also authorize the Department of Social and Health Services to consent, on my behalf, to the child's adoption. . . . . 13. The foregoing consent has been given freely, voluntarily and with full knowledge of the consequences, and the consent is not the result of fraud or duress nor am I acting under the influence of anyone. ¶5 On the same day Sigurdson relinquished M.S. to the Department, she also signed an open adoption agreement. 1.3 Right to Consult Attorney. All parties, including the prospective adoptive parents, have the right to consult with an attorney regarding the proposed terms of the agreement before they sign it, and before it is approved and signed by a judge. . . . . 3.1 This agreement is entered into by all parties willingly, without force, duress, or coercion. . . . In December 2008, the Department revoked Willard's foster care license after she was convicted for unlawful issuance of a check. Soon after, an addendum to the adoptive home study recommended against Willard adopting M.S. ¶6 Then, on January 30, 2009, Sigurdson moved to revoke her relinquishment. At an evidentiary hearing on the motion, she claimed duress induced her to give up her parental rights and allow M.S. to be adopted. She testified that while in jail facing second degree robbery and reckless endangerment charges, she agreed to the relinquishment. The charges involved an altercation with Willard, who reported it to police. According to Sigurdson, Willard visited her in jail and threatened to tell the police about additional crimes she had committed if she did not consent to the adoption. I talked to my mother and I did not want to relinquish my rights, I wanted to raise my daughter. But at that point I was looking at several, several years in prison and did not think I would be getting into drug court. And at that point in time my mother brought up the fact that I had done a lot of criminal activities and were never turned in for them, they were against her, and that I could possibly [be] facing more time had she turned them in. And she wanted me to relinquish my rights to her so that [M.S.] would have a stable place to be, and that she wouldn't be just up in the air. Verbatim Report of Proceedings (Apr. 8, 2009) at 11. Sigurdson acknowledged the crimes Willard threatened to reveal were well founded and could have resulted in additional convictions. She presented no evidence that the Department knew about Willard's threats or that Willard made the threats on the Department's behalf before she signed the relinquishment document. ¶7 The commissioner denied Sigurdson's motion to revoke her relinquishment. He noted that Sigurdson's motion was timely because RCW 26.33.160(3) allows a birth mother to revoke her consent for up to one year based on duress, fraud, or mental incompetence. ANALYSIS [1-3] ¶8 Sigurdson contends the commissioner erred by limiting RCW 26.33.160's application to duress practiced by the Department. She argues that this statute allows a parent to revoke his or her consent to an adoption whenever any person uses duress to induce the parent to consent. Statutory interpretation is a question of law, reviewed de novo. Calhoun v. State, 146 Wn. App. 877, 885, 193 P.3d 188 (2008). The court's goal in interpreting a statute is to discern and carry out the legislature's intent. Stephenson v. Pleger, 150 Wn. App. 658, 662, 208 P.3d 583 (2009). To determine legislative intent, the court looks first to the plain language of the statute. Estate of Haselwood v. Bremerton Ice Arena, Inc., 166 Wn.2d 489, 498, 210 P.3d 308 (2009). As part of this inquiry, the court may look to the statute's context, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole. Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 11-12, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). The court also interprets the statute to give effect to all its language and avoid rendering any portion of it meaningless or superfluous. Jackson v. Fenix Underground, Inc., 142 Wn. App. 141, 145-46, 173 P.3d 977 (2007). If the statute is unambiguous, the court's inquiry is at an end. Cerrillo v. Esparza, 158 Wn.2d 194, 201, 142 P.3d 155 (2006). [4] ¶9 In Washington, the adoption process is governed by statute "and the propriety of action taken must be measured against the language of the statute." In re Adoption of Jackson, 89 Wn.2d 945, 947, 578 P.2d 33 (1978). Under the statute, adoption is a two-step process in which (1) the biological parent/child relationship is first terminated and (2) a new adoptive parent/child relationship is subsequently created. RCW 26.33.130, .240. At issue here is the first step--termination. ¶10 The termination can be voluntary or involuntary. RCW 26.33.090, .120, .130; see also RCW 13.34.180 (involuntary termination under the juvenile dependency statute). A voluntary termination begins with a petition for relinquishment, which may be filed by a parent (or alleged father), the Department, an adoption agency, or a prospective adoptive parent. RCW 26.33.080(1), (2). A "relinquishment" is defined as "the voluntary surrender of custody of a child to the department, an agency, or prospective adoptive parents." RCW 26.33.020(11). The Department, agency, or prospective adoptive parent must provide written consent to assume custody of the child. RCW 26.33.080(1), (2). Thus, the adoption statute only allows a parent to relinquish custody when the Department, adoption agency, or prospective adoptive parent "stands ready to assume the responsibilities that the relinquishing parent is abdicating . . . ." In re Marriage of Furrow, 115 Wn. App. 661, 675, 63 P.3d 821 (2003). A petition for relinquishment of custody must also be accompanied by the parent's written consent to adoption. RCW 26.33.080(1), (2). If the court determines it is in the child's best interest, it awards custody to the Department, agency, or prospective adoptive parent, who is then appointed the child's legal guardian. RCW 26.33.090(3), (4). At the same time, the court must also enter an order of termination, which "divests the parent and the child of all legal rights, powers, privileges, immunities, duties, and obligations with respect to each other" except for past-due child support. RCW 26.33.090(4), .130(2). [5-7] ¶11 A parent may revoke his or her consent to adoption for any reason before the court approves it, which can be no sooner than 48 hours after the child is born or the consent is signed. RCW 26.33.190, .160. But after court approval, a parent's ability to revoke consent is strictly limited. [A] consent to adoption may not be revoked after it has been approved by the court. Within one year after approval, a consent may be revoked for fraud or duress practiced by the person, department, or agency requesting the consent, or for lack of mental competency on the part of the person giving the consent at the time the consent was given. A written consent to adoption may not be revoked more than one year after it is approved by the court. RCW 26.33.160(3) (emphasis added). [8, 9] ¶12 Sigurdson contends the statute's plain language allows her to revoke her consent if her mother (or any person) exerted duress over her and the commissioner erred by limiting the provision to duress exerted by the Department. She notes the statute refers to duress practiced by a "person," as well as duress practiced by the Department or an agency. From this, she argues, the statute should be interpreted to allow revocation based on duress exerted by "all persons." ¶13 We interpret the meaning of RCW 26.33.160 by looking to its plain language in the context of the entire statutory scheme in which it appears. Bostain v. Food Express, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 700, 708, 153 P.3d 846 (2007). Initially, we note that the ability of a parent to revoke his or her consent is an exception to the general rule that revocation is not permitted after court approval. This exception is a narrow one, permitted only in limited circumstances (where fraud, duress, or mental incompetence is established) and for a limited time (one year). The "practiced by" language at issue here creates an additional limitation. Only when duress is "practiced by the person, department, or agency requesting the consent" can the parent revoke. By delineating three discrete categories of actors whose duress establish grounds for revocation, the legislature did not intend to allow a parent to revoke whenever "anyone" exerted duress on the parent. ¶14 Instead of revocation based on duress exerted by "any person," we read RCW 26.33.160 to allow revocation only when duress is exerted by either the Department, agency, or prospective adoptive parent who accepts legal custody of the child. This interpretation conforms to RCW 26.33.160's plain language and the statutory scheme for voluntary relinquishments. The statute makes no reference to duress practiced by "a" or "any" person--it states duress practiced by "the person . . . requesting the consent." RCW 26.33.160(3) (emphasis added). This language means that revocation must be based on duress practiced by a particular person--the one "requesting the consent." ¶15 And not everyone who urges a parent to pursue adoption is "requesting the consent" for revocation purposes. Under the adoption statute, relinquishment is a formal, court supervised proceeding in which the birth parent relinquishes custody to only one other party. That party may be the Department, an adoption agency, or prospective adoptive parents. In any individual case, only one of these parties may file a petition for relinquishment, accept custody, become legal guardian, and assume parental responsibilities. At the same time, the parent relinquishes custody to one of these parties and consents to adoption. RCW 26.33.080, .090. Reading these provisions together with RCW 26.33.160(3), it is the party accepting legal custody that is "requesting the consent" of the parent. And "the person" referred to in RCW 26.33.160(3) is a prospective adoptive parent in a private adoption, not "any person" who urges a parent to pursue adoption. We conclude that the plain language of RCW 26.33.160, when considered in light of the entire statutory scheme, means the party accepting legal custody is the party requesting the parent's consent and only duress by that party can be grounds for revocation. ¶16 Here, it is undisputed that Sigurdson relinquished legal custody of M.S. to the Department, not Willard. In signing the relinquishment, Sigurdson stated, "I confirm that I desire to and hereby consent to relinquish custody of the child to the State of Washington, Department of Social and Health Services . . . ." Finding that it was in M.S.'s best interests, the commissioner approved Sigurdson's relinquishment, terminated her parental rights, and authorized the Department to act as M.S.'s legal guardian. Because it was the Department "requesting the consent," and only duress practiced by the Department or its agents could provide a basis for Sigurdson's revocation under RCW 26.33.160(3), DWYER, C.J., and ELLINGTON, J., concur.