[Nos. 34335-5-II; 34328-2-II; 35660-1-II; 36262-7-II. Division Two. January 15, 2008.]
[1] Criminal Law — Trial — Misconduct of Prosecutor — Burden of Proof — Test. A criminal defendant claiming prosecutorial misconduct must prove that the prosecutor's conduct was both improper and prejudicial. [2] Criminal Law — Trial — Misconduct of Prosecutor — Prejudice — Burden of Proof. The prejudice element of a criminal defendant's claim of prosecutorial misconduct requires the defendant to demonstrate a substantial likelihood that the misconduct affected the jury's verdict. [3] Criminal Law — Trial — Misconduct of Prosecutor — Waiver — Failure To Object. A criminal defendant's failure to object to alleged prosecutorial misconduct at trial usually constitutes a waiver of the claim unless the misconduct was so flagrant or ill-intentioned that it caused prejudice that the court could not have cured by an admonition to the jury. [4] Criminal Law — Trial — Misconduct of Prosecutor — Prejudice — Strength of State's Case. The prejudice element of a criminal defendant's claim of prosecutorial misconduct is measured by considering the strength of the State's case. [5] Criminal Law — Right To Remain Silent — Comment on Silence — Prearrest Silence — Evidence of Guilt — Self-Incrimination. The self-incrimination protections of the Fifth Amendment and Const. art. I, § 9 are implicated when the State seeks to use a criminal defendant's prearrest silence as substantive evidence of the defendant's guilt. The right against self-incrimination is liberally construed to prohibit the State from eliciting comments from witnesses or from making closing arguments relating to a defendant's silence that allow the jury to infer guilt from such silence. [6] Criminal Law — Right To Remain Silent — Comment on Silence — Prearrest Silence — Evidence of Guilt — Due Process. The State's use of a criminal defendant's prearrest silence as substantive evidence of the defendant's guilt does not implicate due process principles because it lacks the same "implicit assurance" from the State about its punitive effect in future proceedings as does postarrest silence. [7] Criminal Law — Right To Remain Silent — Accrual of Right — Before or After Arrest. A criminal suspect has the right to remain silent both before and after arrest in order to spare the suspect from revealing, either directly or indirectly, his or her knowledge of facts relating to the criminal act or from having to share his or her thoughts and beliefs with the government. [8] Criminal Law — Right To Remain Silent — Comment on Silence — Prearrest Silence — Prejudice — What Constitutes. Whether the admission of a criminal defendant's prearrest silence warrants reversal depends on whether the State uses it to its advantage, either as evidence of guilt or to suggest to the jury that the defendant's silence was an admission of guilt. A mere reference to silence that is not a "comment" is not a sufficient basis to reverse a conviction absent a showing of prejudice. [9] Criminal Law — Right To Remain Silent — Comment on Silence — Prearrest Silence — Nature of Error — Constitutional Error. An impermissible comment on a criminal defendant's prearrest silence is error of constitutional magnitude. [10] Criminal Law — Review — Harmless Error — Constitutional Error — In General. Constitutional error is not harmless unless a reviewing court is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would have reached the same result had the error not occurred. This standard is not satisfied unless the untainted evidence in the record is so overwhelming that it necessarily leads to a finding of guilty. The State bears the burden of proving harmless error. Nature of Action: Prosecution for first degree burglary, second degree assault, intimidating a witness in relation to the reporting or prosecution of abuse or neglect of a minor child, and telephone harassment. Superior Court: The Superior Court for Pierce County, No. 05-1-04377-8, Sergio Armijo, J., on January 3, 2006, entered a judgment on a verdict finding the defendant guilty of fourth degree assault, second degree assault, and telephone harassment. Court of Appeals: Holding that the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct by commenting on the defendant's prearrest silence, the court reverses the judgment and remands the case for further proceedings. Cory L. Thomas-, pro se. Kathryn A. Russell Selk- (of Russell Selk Law Office), for appellant. Gerald A. Horne-, Prosecuting Attorney, and P. Grace Kingman-, Deputy, for respondent. ¶1 ARMSTRONG, J. — Cory Thomas challenges his convictions of second degree assault, fourth degree assault, and telephone harassment, and his exceptional sentence. Among other issues, Thomas contends that the prosecutor improperly argued that Thomas's refusal to return to the crime scene and talk with police was evidence of his guilt. We agree that the argument was improper, and because the State's other evidence was not sufficient to render this constitutional error harmless, we reverse and remand for a new trial. We discuss only those additional issues likely to arise on retrial or that would also require reversal. FACTS ¶2 Cory Thomas and Lavisha Bonds have known each other for 12 years and have a six-year-old child together. At the time of the incident, they were not living together. Thomas did not have a key to Bonds's apartment, but he did keep clothes there and sometimes showered there. At times, he entered the apartment through the bathroom window when Bonds was not home. ¶3 One night, Thomas asked Bonds for his clothes back; she told him to return the next morning to get them. She then went out drinking with a friend, Danielle Fletcher. The two women returned to Bonds's apartment at two or three in the morning, and Fletcher spent the night on Bonds's couch. ¶4 The next morning, Thomas entered Bonds's home through the bathroom window. He and Bonds got into a fight, and Fletcher called 911. When the police arrived, Thomas was gone and Bonds was holding a bloody towel to her face. Fletcher took Bonds to the emergency room, where she was treated for a fractured nose and bruised tailbone. Over the next few days, Thomas called Bonds's home phone and Fletcher's cell phone multiple times to talk to Bonds. She refused to talk to him. ¶5 The State charged Thomas with first degree burglary, second degree assault, intimidating a witness in relation to the reporting or prosecution of abuse or neglect of a minor child, and telephone harassment. ¶6 At trial, Bonds testified that the night before the incident, she had a former boyfriend over at her apartment, and his car was out front. Thomas called to ask who was there with her, and when he found out who it was, he got upset. Later that night, Bonds heard Thomas outside her bedroom window saying, "I told you about that dude, you black bitch" and that "[he was] going to beat [her] ass." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 121. ¶7 Bonds awoke in the morning to find Thomas in her bedroom, holding bags of his clothes. Thomas said something about the other boyfriend, then came toward her and punched her in the face. Bonds tried to swing back, but she fell to the floor. Thomas started kicking her and hitting her with an aluminum broom handle. Bonds got away and went into the bathroom. Thomas followed her and they "tussl[ed]" some more. RP at 116. Thomas ultimately left with his clothes. ¶8 Bonds initially signed a statement that Thomas had broken in, beaten her up, and then fled. Later, in a letter, she recanted most of her statement, and at trial she testified that the incident was blown "[w]ay out of proportion." RP at 105. But she conceded that parts of her recanting letter were not true and that she had written it to lighten Thomas's sentence and minimize his time away from their son. She explained that she and Thomas had had a lot of "tussles" but that he had never hurt her; she had hit him and he had punched her, but she was never afraid of him. RP at 126. ¶9 Thomas testified that Bonds had told him to come to her apartment to pick up his clothes the morning of the incident. He knocked and when no one answered, he entered through a window as he usually did if she was not home. As Thomas was taking his clothes out of the closet, Bonds awoke and told him that he could not take his belongings unless he paid some of the bills. Bonds then grabbed some clothes from his arms. When Thomas said he was taking them to his new girl friend's house, Bonds became upset and started clawing at his face. Thomas pushed her away and she fell near the bed. As she started to get back up, Thomas walked into the living room, picked up his clothes, and left. ¶10 Officer Linsue Peterson testified that while she was at the scene, Fletcher answered her cell phone 10 to 15 times. During one call, Fletcher handed the phone to Peterson, saying, "[T]his is Cory and he wants to talk to you." RP at 179. Peterson identified herself as a police officer and asked who she was speaking to. When the prosecutor asked whether Thomas told her anything, Peterson responded: No. He just said, "What do you want," and I said, "Well, I was handed the phone and told you wanted to speak to me." That was pretty much the conversation. "I don't want to talk to you," and I said, "Okay." RP at 179-80. ¶11 The jury convicted Thomas of fourth degree assault, second degree assault, and telephone harassment. ANALYSIS PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT ¶13 Thomas argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting from Officer Peterson testimony that Thomas did not want to talk with her and then arguing in closing: "Hello? Yeah, I don't want to talk to you." He's just been accused of a crime. I mean, he knows that that's what's going on. The cops showed up there for a reason. "I don't want to talk to you. I don't want to talk to you [about] my story. I don't want to say anything. I'm done." Click. Calls back. Calls back. Calls back. Why? He doesn't want to talk to the cops. RP at 311. ¶14 Thomas also points to the following from the prosecutor's closing argument about Officer Peterson's testimony: Officer Peterson gets there, hears Danielle on the phone. First observation: "Corey, she's not your girl any more." That's the first thing she hears about this incident, upon arriving. Went inside, saw Lavisha bloody, beat up, blood everywhere. And the defendant keeps calling, keeps calling. Won't talk to Officer Peterson. RP at 312 (emphasis added). ¶15 Finally, Thomas complains about the prosecutor's argument that although Thomas knew the police were at Bonds's apartment, he "fled" rather than returning to deny Bonds's accusations to the police. Br. of Appellant at 22; RP at 324. ¶16 Thomas reasons that these comments on his prearrest silence violated his rights to due process and against self-incrimination. The State responds that (1) Officer Peterson's testimony was a mere reference to Thomas's silence, not a comment on it, and (2) the prosecutor's remarks in closing argument properly used Thomas's silence solely to impeach his credibility. ¶19 In Easter, a police officer testified that the defendant was a " 'smart drunk' " because he was evasive and " 'wouldn't talk.' " Easter, 130 Wn.2d at 233. The court held that the State elicited this testimony to insinuate that Easter was guilty and therefore committed error, particularly where the prosecutor used the " 'smart drunk' " theme in closing argument. Easter, 130 Wn.2d at 242-43. In Lewis, on the other hand, the court found no such insinuation where the officer testified that the accused had told him that nothing happened, the officer did not testify that Lewis failed to make appointments, and the prosecutor did not argue that Lewis's failure to do so was evidence of his guilt. Lewis, 130 Wn.2d at 706. ¶20 Here, Officer Peterson testified that after she identified herself on the cell phone, Thomas responded, "What do you want," and "I don't want to talk to you." RP at 179-80. She testified that "[t]hat was pretty much the conversation." RP at 180. This was no more than a passing reference to Thomas's silence. ¶21 But in closing argument, the prosecutor turned Officer Peterson's testimony into more than a passing reference to Thomas's decision not to talk with the officer. The prosecutor emphasized that although he had been accused of a crime, Thomas would not return to tell his story, "[w]on't talk to Officer Peterson," "doesn't want to talk to the cops," and "didn't go back" to explain that Bonds had scratched his face. RP at 312, 324. These comments plainly conveyed the message that if Thomas was not guilty, he would have returned to the crime scene to tell his side of the story. ¶22 The State argues, however, that it properly used Thomas's silence to impeach his exculpatory testimony. In particular, the State reasons that the prosecutor was simply impeaching Thomas's testimony that he did not call as many times as the State contended, that he did not threaten anybody, and that he was never on the phone with Officer Peterson. ¶23 Some of the prosecutor's comments point only to "how many times [Thomas] called and how he was threatening and trying to threaten the witnesses." Br. of Resp't at 14. For example, the prosecutor's argument that "[c]alls keep coming. . . . He calls back. Calls back." RP at 311. And that Thomas said to Fletcher, " 'Shut your mouth.' . . . 'I just finished with you once. I'll do it again, if I have to.' " RP at 311. But the prosecutor went beyond impeaching Thomas's story about the number and nature of the phone calls. He described Thomas's statements as "[y]eah, I don't want to talk to you" and "I don't want to talk to you [about] my story" and his motive for them as "[h]e's just been accused of a crime. I mean, he knows that that's what's going on. The cops showed up there for a reason." RP at 311. Like the comments in Easter, the prosecutor's argument plainly invited the jury to infer Thomas's guilt from his refusal to talk with Officer Peterson and to return to the scene to tell the police his story. ¶25 The State has not carried its harmless error burden. Bonds first told the police that Thomas assaulted her. She then recanted before trial, explaining that she sustained her injuries when she fell. At trial, she again changed her story, admitting that some parts of her recanting letter were not accurate. And she testified that she and Thomas had "tussled" before but that Thomas had never hurt her and that she was not afraid of him. Thomas testified that Bonds attacked him first, scratched his face, and then fell near the bed. Given these credibility issues, we cannot find the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We reverse Thomas's conviction for second degree assault and fourth degree assault. ¶26 A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered. HOUGHTON, C.J., and VAN DAREN, J., concur.