[No. 58164-3-I. Division One. August 20, 2007.]
[1] Criminal Law — Trial — Taking Case From Jury — Pretrial Determination — Review — Standard of Review. A trial court's dismissal of a charge upon a Knapstad motion for lack of supporting evidence is reviewed de novo. Review is conducted by viewing the facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the State. [2] Criminal Law — Trial — Taking Case From Jury — Dismissal — Burden of Proof. To prevail on a Knapstad motion to dismiss a charge for lack of supporting evidence, a defendant must establish that no material facts are in dispute and that the undisputed facts are insufficient as a matter of law to establish a prima facie case of guilt. [3] Criminal Law — Trial — Taking Case From Jury — Pretrial Determination — Disputed Material Facts. A criminal charge may not be dismissed upon a Knapstad motion for lack of supporting evidence if allegations of material fact are denied or disputed by the State. [4] Criminal Law — Trial — Taking Case From Jury — Pretrial Determination — Test. A trial court may not dismiss a criminal charge upon a Knapstad motion for lack of supporting evidence unless no rational factfinder could have found from the evidence the essential elements of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt. [5] Controlled Substances — Methamphetamine — Precursor Chemicals — Possession — Intent To Manufacture Methamphetamine — Proof — Mere Possession. In general, bare possession of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine is insufficient to support a conviction of possession of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine under RCW 69.50.440. At least one other factor supporting an inference of intent must exist. A defendant's intent must logically follow as a matter of probability from the evidence. [6] Controlled Substances — Methamphetamine — Precursor Chemicals — Possession — Intent To Manufacture Methamphetamine — Proof — Inference From Possession of Pseudoephedrine and Lithium Batteries. Possession of pseudoephedrine cold medicine together with possession of lithium batteries is sufficient to support a conviction of possession of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine under RCW 69.50.440. While the possession of lithium batteries is not in itself illegal, it is the combination of lithium with the pseudoephedrine that makes the inference of intent to manufacture methamphetamine follow logically as a matter of probability. The State is entitled to rely on reasonable inferences. When a suspect has gone so far as to possess not only pseudoephedrine but also at least one other distinctive ingredient or manufacturing accessory, it is reasonable to infer that the suspect is planning to personally manufacture methamphetamine. [7] Controlled Substances — Methamphetamine — Precursor Chemicals — Possession — Intent To Manufacture Methamphetamine — Proof — Sufficiency. To survive a Knapstad motion to dismiss a charge of possession of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine under RCW 69.50.440 for lack of supporting evidence, the State must show more than mere possession of pseudoephedrine, but the State need not necessarily prove that the defendant has already begun to combine ingredients, knows the recipe for methamphetamine manufacture, has a lab, has customers, has promised to manufacture, or is linked to a known manufacturer. An additional factor, such as possession of an additional ingredient, is sufficient to establish a prima facie case. Nature of Action: Prosecution for possession of pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine. Superior Court: The Superior Court of Snohomish County, No. 05-1-01797-4, Larry E. McKeeman, J., dismissed the charge on April 27, 2006. Court of Appeals: Holding that the State's evidence was sufficient to support the inference that the defendant committed the charged offense, the court reverses the dismissal order and remands the case for further proceedings. Janice E. Ellis-, Prosecuting Attorney, and Lisa D. Paul- and Thomas M. Curtis-, Deputies, for appellant. Dana M. Lind- (of Nielsen, Broman & Koch PLLC), for respondent. [As amended by order of the Court of Appeals August 31, 2007.] ¶1 BECKER, J. — The State appeals the dismissal of charges against David Missieur. The State had charged Missieur with possession of pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine. He was caught shoplifting approximately 30 boxes of pseudoephedrine cold medicine. More cold medicine was found in his car, along with 64 lithium batteries. The presence of the lithium batteries sufficiently supported the inference that Missieur possessed the pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine. The trial court erred in dismissing the State's case. FACTS ¶2 According to police reports, David Missieur and Hope Ashworth shoplifted numerous boxes of cold medicine from a grocery store in Edmonds around 2:45 AM on June 29, 2005, then drove away. Police officers, alerted by store personnel, pulled their car over a few minutes later. The officers arrested Missieur and Ashworth after observing unopened boxes of pseudoephedrine cold medicine and packages of lithium batteries on the floor and in a duffel bag in the back of the car. The officers counted 78 boxes of cold medicine, including 30 within the coat Missieur had been wearing at the grocery store. There were 64 new, unopened lithium batteries. ¶3 The State charged Missieur and Ashworth with the crime of possession of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture methamphetamine. Missieur moved to dismiss under State v. Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346, 356, 729 P.2d 48 (1986). At a hearing on the motion, a detective trained in methamphetamine manufacture testified that methamphetamine can be made using substances extracted from cold medicine, lithium batteries, and ammonia. He said that other than in a retail store, he had "never seen large quantities of lithium batteries and cold medicine together without it being related to a lab." ¶4 Missieur argued that the case should be dismissed because the activity of collecting ingredients was not enough to prove an intent to engage in the actual manufacture of methamphetamine. The trial court agreed and granted the motion to dismiss. ¶6 The charging statute, former RCW 69.50.440(1) (2003), made it unlawful for a person to possess pseudoephedrine or other precursor drugs "with intent to manufacture methamphetamine." The statute defines "manufacture" as "the production, preparation, propagation, compounding, conversion, or processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly." RCW 69.50.101(p). A person acts with intent when he acts with the objective or purpose to accomplish a result which constitutes a crime. RCW 9A.08.010(1)(a). ¶8 In McPherson, the State charged the defendant in count 1 with manufacturing methamphetamine or, alternatively, with possession of precursor drugs with intent to manufacture. The court found ample evidence to support either a completed manufacture or intent to manufacture even though not all necessary ingredients were present. McPherson, 111 Wn. App. at 758. ¶9 Sufficient evidence to support a conviction for possession of pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture was also found in State v. Moles, 130 Wn. App. 461, 466, 123 P.3d 132 (2005), review denied, 157 Wn.2d 1019 (2006) (three consolidated appeals). The court followed McPherson and reiterated the test: "Bare possession of a controlled substance is not enough to support an intent to manufacture conviction; at least one additional factor, suggestive of intent, must be present." Moles, 130 Wn. App. at 466. The defendants in Moles purchased pseudoephedrine from three different stores within a short period of time. Close to 440 pseudoephedrine tablets, removed from their blister packs, were found loose in the defendants' stolen vehicle. An officer testified that the first stage in the manufacturing process is to acquire pseudoephedrine tablets and then process them. "The fact that so many pills had been removed from the blister packs leads to the only plausible inference: that the defendants were in the process of preparing the pseudoephedrine for the first stage of the manufacturing process." Moles, 130 Wn. App. at 466. The court held this evidence alone was sufficient to support the jury's finding of intent to manufacture, while noting the presence of other factors that were also indicative of intent to manufacture: possession of a coffee filter with methamphetamine residue and a pattern of acting in concert with other individuals to make numerous individual purchases of cold medicine in a short period of time. ¶10 In contrast to McPherson and Moles, evidence of intent to manufacture was held insufficient in State v. Whalen, 131 Wn. App. 58, 64, 126 P.3d 55 (2005). Whalen was caught stealing seven boxes of a nasal decongestant that contained pseudoephedrine. His conduct violated RCW 69.43.110(2), which makes it a gross misdemeanor to acquire more than three packages of pseudoephedrine in a 24-hour period. Whalen was charged and convicted of the more serious crime of possession of pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture, a class B felony. Defending the conviction on appeal against a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the State argued that Whalen's intent to manufacture was shown by the amount of pseudoephedrine in his possession and the illicit method of acquisition. The State also argued that "the fact that RCW 69.43.110 limits individuals to the purchase of three packages of pseudoephedrine in a 24-hour period implies an intent to manufacture if one buys or shoplifts more than the legal limit." Whalen, 131 Wn. App. at 63-64. The court rejected this line of reasoning and held that Whalen's acquisition of more than the legal daily limit of pseudoephedrine could not, by itself, subject him to punishment for the more serious crime. "That there are two distinct offenses with disparate punishments indicates that the legislature did not intend to equate the acquisition of more than three boxes of cold medicine containing pseudoephedrine within a 24-hour period with intent to manufacture methamphetamine." Whalen, 131 Wn. App. at 65. ¶11 The Supreme Court found both Moles and Whalen persuasive in State v. Brockob, ¶12 Under Whalen, Missieur's possession of as many as 78 stolen boxes of pseudoephedrine would arguably not, by itself, be enough to sustain the charge of possession with intent to manufacture. The issue here, then, is whether Missieur's simultaneous possession of the lithium batteries adequately distinguishes his case from Whalen and brings it within the ambit of the Moles test requiring "at least one additional factor, suggestive of intent." Moles, 130 Wn. App. at 466. ¶13 Missieur begins with the premise that the statutory element of "intent to manufacture" means intent to become personally involved in combining the ingredients, as opposed to merely having the intent to supply the ingredients to someone else who would combine them. We will assume this premise is correct, as other jurisdictions have interpreted similar statutory language in that way. See, e.g., United States v. Weston, 4 F.3d 672, 673, 675 (8th. Cir. 1993) (defendant's mere possession of methylamine was suspicious but did not prove he possessed it with intent to manufacture methamphetamine; jury would have to speculate to conclude he "planned to become directly or indirectly in manufacture, rather than supplying someone else who would likely manufacture"), State v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 618 (Iowa 2004) (statute requiring "intent to use the product to manufacture" not satisfied by evidence that possessor knew or believed that the product would "be used" to manufacture). ¶14 Relying on Weston and Truesdell, Missieur argues that the most a jury could infer from his possession of pseudoephedrine and lithium is that he was gathering ingredients of methamphetamine with the intent to supply them to some other person yet unknown. He contends that possession of another precursor ingredient along with pseudoephedrine does not support the inference of intent to manufacture any more than possession of pseudoephedrine by itself. ¶15 We disagree. Missieur's argument is for trial, not for a Knapstad motion. His possession of the lithium batteries along with the pseudoephedrine cold medicine satisfies the Moles test of "pseudoephedrine possession plus." While the possession of lithium batteries is not in itself illegal, it is the combination of lithium with the pseudoephedrine, a controlled substance, that makes the inference of intent to manufacture methamphetamine follow logically as a matter of probability. Missieur's argument implies that no matter how many ingredients or pieces of equipment a defendant collects in addition to pseudoephedrine, intent to manufacture cannot be found unless there is also concrete proof of an existing or intended manufacturing operation. Concrete proof would undoubtedly be helpful to the State at trial, but it is not legally necessary. The State is entitled to rely on reasonable inferences. When a suspect has gone so far as to possess not only pseudoephedrine but also at least one other distinctive ingredient or manufacturing accessory, it is reasonable to infer that he is planning to personally manufacture methamphetamine even though it is also possible that he is hoping only to become a supplier of ingredients. ¶16 To characterize the evidence as insufficient, Missieur relies on Weston and Truesdell. But these two cases are entirely consistent with the Moles test of "pseudoephedrine possession plus." Weston (like Whalen) is a one-precursor case. And so is Truesdell. The defendant in Truesdell was convicted of possessing pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture based on evidence that he shoplifted a sizable quantity of cold medicine. At trial he testified that he planned to sell the cold medicine to a friend. The court held the mere possession of the cold medicine was insufficient to prove the intent to manufacture: Truesdell's possession of a large quantity of the cold relief products supports an inference that some person would use the product to manufacture meth, but there was no additional evidence to show he intended to use the product to manufacture meth. Without additional evidence of intent, the jury would have had to guess to reach the conclusion that Truesdell intended to manufacture meth. It was just as likely under the evidence that Truesdell intended for the product to end up in the hands of another person who would manufacture the meth. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d at 619. ¶17 Significantly, Truesdell was preceded by the same court's decision to affirm a conviction in a two-precursor case. State v. Heuser, 661 N.W.2d 157, 166 (Iowa 2003). Police were alerted that Heuser was going from store to store to acquire pseudoephedrine cold medicine. Upon stopping his van, they found him in possession of 12 AA lithium batteries along with large quantities of cold tablets, some of them in loose blister packs. His conviction for possession with intent to manufacture was affirmed on appeal against a sufficiency challenge because it was reasonable to infer that the defendant intended to use the pseudoephedrine and the batteries to manufacture methamphetamine. Heuser, 661 N.W.2d at 165-66. ¶18 The court explained that in Heuser, possession of a large quantity of cold tablets was not the only factor indicative of intent to manufacture: We found substantial evidence to support a conviction of possession of a precursor with intent to manufacture meth in violation of Iowa Code section 124.401(4) based upon the possession of a large quantity of cold relief tablets containing pseudoephedrine in State v. Heuser, 661 N.W.2d at 166. However, there was also evidence in the case that the defendant possessed lithium batteries, another common product used in meth manufacturing. Id. Additionally, there was evidence that the defendant purchased the cold relief products in a surreptitious manner. See id. Some of the boxes of medicine in his possession had also been opened. See id. at 160. Although there was no direct evidence of manufacturing, we found all the circumstances in the case constituted substantial evidence to support the element of intent to manufacture. Id. at 166. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d at 619. ¶20 In resolving the State's challenge to the Knapstad ruling, we have not addressed a corpus delicti issue that both parties have briefed. The corpus delicti issue is whether Missieur's statements to the police can be considered in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence to prove intent to manufacture. Because we conclude the evidence was sufficient without those statements, it is unnecessary to decide the corpus delicti issue. ¶21 Reversed and remanded for trial. GROSSE and COX, JJ., concur.