[No. 54175-7-I. Division One. December 5, 2005.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON , Respondent , v. MARK E. SMITH , Appellant .
[1] Criminal Law - Constitutional Provisions - Due Process - Vagueness Doctrine - Purpose of Specificity Requirement. The due process vagueness doctrine serves two important purposes: (1) to provide citizens with fair warning of what conduct they must avoid and (2) to protect citizens from arbitrary, ad hoc, or discriminatory law enforcement.
[2] Criminal Law - Constitutional Provisions - Due Process - Vagueness Doctrine - Test. A prohibition is void for vagueness under the due process vagueness doctrine if (1) it does not define the prohibition with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited or (2) it does not provide ascertainable standards of guilt to protect against arbitrary enforcement.[3] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Community Placement - Validity - Presumption - Burden of Proof. A condition of community placement is presumed to be constitutional unless it is proved to be unconstitutional beyond a
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reasonable doubt. The burden of proof is on the party challenging the validity of the condition.
[4] Constitutional Law - Due Process - Vagueness Doctrine - Sufficient Definiteness. The due process vagueness doctrine does not require impossible standards of specificity or mathematical certainty; some degree of vagueness is inherent in the use of language.
[5] Criminal Law - Constitutional Provisions - Due Process - Vagueness Doctrine - Particular Conduct - No First Amendment Issue. A prohibition can be facially vague or vague as applied. When a challenged prohibition does not involve First Amendment rights, it must be evaluated as applied. The relevant conduct is the actual conduct of the party challenging the prohibition, not hypothetical situations at the periphery of the prohibition.
[6] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Community Placement - Sex Offenders - Proscription Against Possessing Materials That Can Be Used for "Sexual Gratification". A condition of community placement imposed on a convicted sex offender that the offender not "purchase, own, possess, or [peruse] any pornography, catalogs or material which can be read or viewed for sexual gratification" and which "involved children" is not unconstitutionally vague as applied to the possession of a movie depicting a budding sexual relationship between two growing children and containing scenes in which the children are naked.
[7] Constitutional Law - Due Process - Vagueness Doctrine - Scope of Protection. The due process vagueness doctrine is concerned with arbitrary enforcement resulting from uncertainty in terms; it is not concerned with overreach. That a prohibition may be unreasonable in its scope does not mean that its terms are so uncertain an ordinary person cannot understand it.
[8] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Applicable Provisions. The sentencing of a convicted offender is governed by the statutes in effect at the time the offense was committed.
[9] Appeal - Review - Issues Not Raised in Trial Court - In General. An appellate court generally will not consider an argument or claim that was not first made before the trial court if the argument or claim does not allege manifest error affecting a constitutional right within the meaning of RAP 2.5(a)(3).
[10] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Community Placement - Validity - Delegation of Authority - Issue First Raised on Appeal. The validity of a sentencing court's delegation to the Department of Corrections of the authority to specify crime related prohibitions on the conduct of an offender on community placement does not implicate manifest error affecting a constitutional right within the meaning of RAP 2.5(a)(3).
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Nature of Action: Action to enforce a condition of community placement requiring a sex offender to comply "with all crime related prohibitions." The offender had been instructed before beginning community placement not to "purchase, own, possess or [peruse] any pornography, catalogs or material which can be read or viewed for sexual gratification" and which "involved children." The violation for which the offender was cited was for possessing a DVD of the film "The Blue Lagoon."
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 02-1-06438-0, Richard A. Jones, J., on April 6, 2005, entered a judgment that the offender violated a condition of community placement. The court sentenced the offender to the time he had already served in custody.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the prohibition the offender was charged with violating was not unconstitutionally vague and that the offender's argument that the latitude given to the Department of Corrections to define possession of "The Blue Lagoon" as a violation of the prohibition was not subject to review because it was raised for the first time on appeal and did not involve manifest constitutional error, the court affirms the judgment.
Gregory C. Link (of Washington Appellate Project ), for appellant.
Norm Maleng , Prosecuting Attorney, and Amy R. Holt , Deputy, for respondent.
¶1 BECKER, J. - Appellant Mark Smith, convicted of sex offenses in 1992, was on community placement in 2004. The Department of Corrections obtained a court order sanctioning him for possessing the film "The Blue Lagoon." We conclude the rule upon which the sanction was based was not unconstitutionally vague. Smith contends the latitude
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given to the Department of Corrections to define possession of this movie as a violation of his conditions of community placement amounts to an unlawful delegation of the court's sentencing authority. We decline to review this argument because it is raised for the first time on appeal and Smith has not shown a manifest constitutional error.
FACTS
¶2 Smith pleaded guilty to two counts of third degree child molestation for molesting two of his stepdaughters, beginning when they were seven and five years old. His sentence, entered on January 22, 1993, included a two-year term of community placement. One of the conditions of community placement ordered by the sentencing judge was that Smith comply "with all crime related prohibitions."«1»
¶3 Smith began community placement under the supervision of the Department of Corrections. The Department cited Smith for violating his conditions of community placement by possessing a DVD of the film "The Blue Lagoon." Smith denied that he violated the condition. The superior court held a hearing in April 2004, at which the State was required to prove the violation by a preponderance of the evidence, pursuant to RCW 9.94A.634 (3)(c). A deputy prosecutor presented the testimony of Patricia Turner, Smith's Community Corrections Officer. There was no other testimony or evidence presented.
¶4 Turner testified that she and Smith had spoken about the use of sexually stimulating material involving children, but that Smith "just continues to use it."«2»Sometime in March, 2004, Turner learned that Smith possessed a DVD copy of the film "The Blue Lagoon." Turner viewed the film and described it for the court as a portrayal of a sexual relationship between two child cousins:
They are stranded on an island. And they develop throughout the movie, and there [are] several scenes where the children
«1»Clerk's Papers at 26.
«2»Report of Proceedings at 5.
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are naked from pre-teen up until teen. At one point they have a simulation of sex, and the female becomes pregnant.«3»
Turner testified that the film also depicts a seven to eight year old female swimming in the ocean naked.
¶5 Turner testified that Smith, before beginning community placement, had been instructed not to "purchase, own, possess or [peruse] any pornography, catalogs or material which can be read or viewed for sexual gratification" and which "involved children."«4»Turner said she asked Smith why he would possess such a movie as "The Blue Lagoon" when he knew it would increase his likelihood of reoffending. She said Smith responded that the Department "can't ask him to stop right away," and that "he needs some time to kind of work through that."«5»
¶6 At Turner's request, Smith took a polygraph test concerning his possession of the movie. The examiner decided to terminate the examination when it appeared that Smith was using breathing techniques to manipulate the results. One of the questions to which Smith tried to manipulate his answer was: "Since you acquired the movie 'The Blue Lagoon,' have you fondled or masturbated your penis during the viewing and depiction of children in it?"«6»
¶7 Turner said she did not personally find the movie offensive, but the Department's concern was that Smith was "masturbating once again to children."«7»The Department believed this behavior was part of Smith's "cycle," i.e., viewing erotic material involving children would make him more likely to reoffend.
¶8 After Turner testified, Smith argued in opposition to the violation. Chiefly, he argued that the Department was impermissibly going beyond regulating his behavior to
«3»Report of Proceedings at 4.
«4»Report of Proceedings at 10.
«5»Report of Proceedings at 5.
«6»Report of Proceedings at 6.
«7»Report of Proceedings at 9.
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regulating his sexual fantasies. In response, the prosecutor did not insist that "The Blue Lagoon" was pornography, but maintained that the violation should be sustained because it was "material that he's been warned not to possess."«8»The trial court agreed that it was legitimate to restrict Smith's possession of materials that would stimulate his sexual interest in children:
You can possess all the thoughts you want to have about what your sexual fantasies are. That can't be stopped by this Court or anybody else. But when you go to the next step and start getting outside stimulus to help enhance that, when that specifically has been prohibited, then that's when you cross the boundary.«9»
The court found Smith had violated a condition of community placement and sentenced him to the time he had already served in custody: 27 days.
¶9 Although Smith's community placement term expired on July 28, 2005, it is not clear that the issue is moot, and we will assume it is not.
¶10 Smith contends he was not afforded due process because he was punished for violating a rule that was unconstitutionally vague.
[1-4]¶11 The due process vagueness doctrine serves two important purposes: "first, to provide citizens with fair warning of what conduct they must avoid; and second, to protect them from arbitrary, ad hoc, or discriminatory law enforcement." State v. Halstien , 122 Wn.2d 109 , 117, 857 P.2d 270 (1993). Under the due process clause, a prohibition is void for vagueness if either (1) it does not define the offense with sufficient definiteness such that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited, or (2) it does not provide ascertainable standards of guilt to protect against arbitrary enforcement. City of Spokane v. Douglass , 115 Wn.2d 171 , 178, 795 P.2d 693 (1990). However, a statute or condition is presumed to be constitutional unless
«8»Report of Proceedings at 12.
«9»Report of Proceedings at 16.
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the party challenging it proves that it is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. Haley v. Med. Disciplinary Bd. , 117 Wn.2d 720 , 739, 818 P.2d 1062 (1991). In addition, due process does not require impossible standards of specificity or mathematical certainty. Some degree of vagueness is inherent in the use of our language. State v. Riles , 135 Wn.2d 326 , 348, 957 P.2d 655 (1998).
[5]¶12 A rule can be facially vague or vague as applied. When a challenged prohibition does not involve First Amendment rights, it must be evaluated as applied. Douglass , 115 Wn.2d at 182 . The relevant conduct is the actual conduct of the party challenging the ordinance, not hypothetical situations at the periphery of the rule's scope. Douglass , 115 Wn.2d at 182 -83.
[6]¶13 In Halstien , our Supreme Court held the term "sexual motivation" to be sufficiently definite in the context of a statute allowing a jury finding of sexual motivation to be an aggravating factor in sentencing. The statute in question defines the term as "for the purpose of his or her sexual gratification." RCW 13.40.020 (26). The court rejected a vagueness challenge, noting that courts have had no difficulty applying the term "sexual gratification." Halstien , 122 Wn.2d at 119 -20. The prohibition at issue here - not to possess material which can be used "for sexual gratification" and which involves children - is at least as specific as the statutory prohibition at issue in Halstien .
¶14 Smith relies on this court's recent decision in State v. Sansone , 127 Wn. App. 630 , 111 P.3d 1251 (2005). In Sansone , one of the offender's terms of community placement directed him not to possess "pornographic materials" without prior approval by a sexual deviancy treatment specialist or by his community corrections officer. In this context, the term "pornography" was determined to be unconstitutionally vague. The prohibition in this case is not comparable because it is considerably more specific. An ordinary person would know, without having to consult a treatment specialist or a community corrections officer, that
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the restriction on Smith's conduct prohibits possession of "The Blue Lagoon."
[7]¶15 Smith's primary issue below with the restriction was that it reached too far by attempting to control his thoughts, not just his actions. But the vagueness doctrine is not concerned with overreach; it is concerned with arbitrary enforcement resulting from uncertainty in terms. That a prohibition may be unreasonable in its scope does not mean that its terms are so uncertain an ordinary person cannot understand it.
¶16 In short, Smith has not shown that the prohibition is unconstitutionally vague.
[8, 9]¶17 Smith also contends the Department's restriction of the materials he is allowed to possess or view is an unlawful delegation of powers. Sentencing courts must look to the statute in effect at the time the offender committed the current crime when determining the offender's sentence. State v. Varga , 151 Wn.2d 179 , 191, 86 P.3d 139 (2004). The version of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW, in effect at the time Smith committed his crimes authorized the sentencing court to order, as a sentence condition, that the offender comply with any crime-related prohibitions. Former RCW 9.94A.120 (8)(c)(v) (1992). Smith argues the sentencing court improperly delegated its duty to define crime-related prohibitions.
¶18 This argument was not presented below. If it had been, the trial court would have been able to develop a record adequate for review. On the present record it is not clear whether or not the specific prohibition was in writing; who generated it, and when; and what involvement the court had, if any. The brevity of the record leaves a great deal to the imagination.
¶19 The failure to raise an issue in the trial court precludes review on appeal unless the trial court committed a manifest error affecting a constitutional right. RAP 2.5(a)(3). Smith fails to demonstrate that such an error occurred.
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[10]¶20 It is not clear that the delegation of authority - assuming it occurred and assuming it was erroneous - affected a right that is constitutional in its provenance. The Sentencing Reform Act presently authorizes the Department of Corrections to impose conditions unilaterally in certain situations, "based upon the risk to community safety." RCW 9.94A.715 (2)(b). The fact that this relatively new authority for the Department is statutory suggests that if the court erred in sanctioning Smith, the error violated a statutory right rather than a constitutional right.
¶21 Sansone cites federal authority for the proposition that allowing a community corrections officer to define pornography is a wholesale abdication of judicial responsibility. Sansone , 127 Wn. App. at 642 (citing United States v. Loy , 237 F.3d 251, 266 (3d Cir. 2001)). Sansone does not say the judicial responsibility being abdicated by such delegation is constitutional in nature.
¶22 Smith, in attempting to portray the alleged error as one of constitutional magnitude, cites United States v. Melendez-Santana , 353 F.3d 93, 101 (1st Cir. 2003) ("separation of powers forbids courts from delegating their Article III responsibilities"; district court erred by allowing probation officer to decide whether defendant must participate in a drug treatment program and how many drug tests he would be required to undergo). However, the First Circuit recently overruled Melendez-Santana to the extent that it permits review and correction of this type of alleged error when there was no objection below. "Our rationale is straightforward: the error in question is simply not of such magnitude or consequence that it would undermine faith in the judicial system were it to stand uncorrected." United States v. Padilla , 415 F.3d 211, 221 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc). The court concluded Padilla could not show a reasonable probability that he would have received a more favorable sentence absent the delegation. Padilla , 415 F.3d at 221. We similarly conclude that any improper delegation of judicial authority that may have occurred did not amount to
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a manifest constitutional error warranting appellate review despite the lack of objection below.
¶23 Affirmed.\
APPELWICK, A.C.J., and COLEMAN , J., concur.