[No. 22675-1-III. Division Three. April 21, 2005.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON , Respondent , v. ALFONSO ZAVALA -Reynoso, Appellant .
[1] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - Review - Standard of Review. A trial court's ruling on a motion for relief from a criminal judgment and sentence under CrR 7.8(b) is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. A trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling is based on untenable grounds or reasons.
[2] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - Void Judgment - What Constitutes. For purposes of CrR 7.8(b)(4), which provides for relief from a criminal judgment that is void, a void judgment is a judgment entered by a court lacking jurisdiction of the parties or of the subject matter or lacking the inherent power to make or to enter the particular order involved.
[3] Judgment - Vacation - "Other" Reason - Nature. The vacation of a judgment under CrR 7.8(b)(5) for "[a]ny other reason justifying relief" is limited to extraordinary circumstances not covered by any other subsection of the rule; i.e., a final judgment may be vacated or altered under CrR 7.8(b)(5) only in those limited circumstances where the interests of justice most urgently require.
[4] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - "Other" Reason - Condition Known at Time of Conviction. A criminal judgment and sentence may not be vacated under CrR 7.8(b)(5) based on circumstances that existed at the time the judgment and sentence were entered.
[5] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - Void Judgment - Sentence Exceeding Statutory Maximum. A motion to vacate a criminal judgment and sentence based on the argument that the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum for the offense is cognizable under CrR 7.8(b)(4) (permitting the vacation of a void judgment).
[6] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - Timeliness - Statutory Provisions - Applicability - Judgment Invalid on Its Face. RCW 10.73.090 (1), which imposes a one-year time limit for a collateral attack on a criminal judgment, does not apply to a judgment that is invalid on its face. A judgment is invalid on its face if the judgment's infirmities are evident without further elaboration.
[7] Criminal Law - Judgment - Vacation - Void Judgment - Motion - Timeliness - Reasonable Time - Judgment Invalid on Its Face. For purposes of CrR 7.8(b)(4), under which a court may grant relief from a criminal judgment that is void if relief is sought within a reasonable time, a "reasonable time" can be two and one-half years for a judgment that is invalid on its face.
120 State v. Zavala-Reynoso Apr. 2005
127 Wn. App. 119
[8] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Maximum Term - Statutory Maximum - Good Time Credits - Effect. Whether a sentence exceeds the statutory maximum for an offense is determined from the outset of sentencing, without consideration of the possibility of the offender's earning good time credits.
[9] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Validity - Exceeding Statutory Maximum - Statutory Provisions. Under RCW 9.94A.505 (5), a sentence imposed by a court that exceeds the statutory maximum for the offense is invalid.
Nature of Action: An offender convicted of one count of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance upon a plea of guilty and sentenced within the standard range moved for resentencing, claiming that the offender score calculation was incorrect and that the sentence exceeded the maximum term for the offense. A statement of the offender's criminal history was attached to his written plea statement. The offender agreed that the statement was correct and complete and that the standard range listed in the plea agreement was based on his criminal history.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Walla Walla County, No. 00-1-00327-4, Donald W. Schacht, J., on December 2, 2003, denied the motion for resentencing.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the offender's motion was untimely as to the offender score claims but that the sentence was facially invalid because it exceeded the statutory maximum for the offense, the court vacates the sentence and remands the case for resentencing.
William D. Edelblute , for appellant.
James L. Nagle , Prosecuting Attorney, and Gabriel E. Acosta , Deputy, for respondent.
¶1 BROWN, J. - In 2001, Alfonso Zavala-Reynoso pleaded guilty to delivery of a controlled substance - cocaine. His
Apr. 2005 State v. Zavala-Reynoso 121
127 Wn. App. 119
judgment and sentence shows a sentence of incarceration and community custody exceeding the maximum term. In 2003, he filed a CrR 7.8 motion to vacate his sentence as indefinite and based upon an incorrect offender score. The judge denied his request. He appeals, contending the sentencing court miscalculated his offender score and sentenced him outside the standard range. Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's application is untimely as to his offender score concerns, but his sentence exceeding the maximum term is facially invalid. Accordingly, we vacate the sentence as it exceeds the maximum term and remand for a new sentencing.
FACTS
¶2 On February 8, 2001, Mr. Zavala-Reynoso pleaded guilty to one count of delivery of a controlled substance - cocaine. Attached to his plea was a statement from the prosecutor, detailing Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's adult criminal history:
Crime | Sentencing | Court | Date of |
Date | County/State | Crime | |
VUCSA - Deliv. | 6/16/99 | Umatilla/OR | 2/17/98 |
VUCSA - Poss. Meth. | 6/16/99 | Umatilla/OR | 9/29/98 |
Felon Poss. Firearm | 6/16/99 | Umatilla/OR | 9/29/98 |
VUCSA - Poss. Meth. | 7/13/98 | Umatilla/OR | 5/04/98 |
VUCSA - Poss. Cocaine | 7/13/98 | Umatilla/OR | 5/04/98 |
VUCSA - Deliv. | 10/23/92 | Los Angeles/CA | 3/19/92 Clerk's Papers (CP) at 74.\ ¶3 Mr. Zavala-Reynoso agreed the prosecutor's statement was correct and complete. He agreed the standard range listed in his plea agreement, 108-120 months, was based on his criminal history. Mr. Zavala-Reynoso was 122 State v. Zavala-Reynoso Apr. 2005 sentenced to 114 months, plus community custody for "9-12 months or for the period of earned early release awarded pursuant to RCW 9.94A.150 (1) & (2), whichever is longer . . . ." CP at 7. ¶4 On October 28, 2003, Mr. Zavala-Reynoso, pro se, filed a motion for resentencing under CrR 7.8(b)(4) and (5). The court denied his request, finding he was "correctly sentenced." CP at 41. This appeal followed. ANALYSIS ¶5 The issue is whether the trial court erred in denying Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's motion to vacate his sentence under CrR 7.8(b)(4) and (5) concerning his offender score calculation and maximum term claims. [1]¶6 We review a trial court's CrR 7.8 ruling for an abuse of discretion. State v. S.M. , 100 Wn. App. 401 , 409, 996 P.2d 1111 (2000). A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Powell , 126 Wn.2d 244 , 258, 893 P.2d 615 (1995). Under CrR 7.8(b)(4) and (5) a party can be relieved of a final judgment if the judgment is void or for "[a]ny other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment." Mr. Zavala-Reynoso contends his sentence is "void" because it was based on a miscalculated offender score and it exceeds the statutory maximum. The State responds Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's CrR 7.8 motion was time barred. [2-4]¶7 CrR 7.8(b) requires motions under section (4) and (5) to be brought "within a reasonable time." CrR 7.8(b)(4) relates to void judgments. A void judgment is one entered by a court " 'which lacks jurisdiction of the parties or of the subject matter, or which lacks the inherent power to make or enter the particular order involved . . . .' " Dike v. Dike , 75 Wn.2d 1 , 7, 448 P.2d 490 (1968) (quoting Robertson v. Commonwealth , 181 Va. 520, 536, 25 S.E.2d 352 (1943)). ¶8 CrR 7.8(b)(5) permits a judgment to be vacated for "[a]ny other reason justifying relief." "A vacation under subsection (5) is limited to extraordinary circumstances not Apr. 2005 State v. Zavala-Reynoso 123 covered by any other section of the rule." State v. Cortez , 73 Wn. App. 838 , 841-42, 871 P.2d 660 (1994) (citing State v. Brand , 120 Wn.2d 365 , 369, 842 P.2d 470 (1992)). Final judgments " 'may be vacated or altered only in those limited circumstances where the interests of justice most urgently require'. " Cortez , 73 Wn. App. at 842 (quoting State v. Shove , 113 Wn.2d 83 , 88, 776 P.2d 132 (1989)). CrR 7.8(b)(5) does not apply when the circumstances alleged to justify the relief existed at the time the judgment was entered. Cortez , 73 Wn. App. at 842 . ¶9 Regarding Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's offender score argument, he does not contest the court's jurisdiction or inherent power to sentence him. Additionally, Mr. Zavala-Reynoso requests relief based on circumstances that existed at the time he was sentenced. He even agreed to the criminal history and standard range sentence. Accordingly, his arguments do not fall within CrR 7.8(b)(4) or (5). His argument that the sentencing court miscalculated his offender score is based on alleged mistakes, which falls under CrR 7.8(b)(1) (relief from judgment on grounds of mistakes). CrR 7.8(b)(1) is governed by a one-year time limit. Since Mr. Zavala-Reynoso filed his CrR 7.8 motion two and one-half years after he was sentenced, his motion was untimely. Accordingly, the trial court did not err rejecting his offender score arguments as untimely. [5-7]¶10 Next, we consider Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's community custody argument as an attack on the sentencing court's power to sentence him in excess of the statutory maximum of 10 years. This argument is properly brought under CrR 7.8(b)(4). As such, Mr. Zavala-Reynoso had "a reasonable time" to bring his motion subject to RCW 10.73.090 . CrR 7.8(b). RCW 10.73.090 (1) provides, "No petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a criminal case may be filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if the judgment and sentence is valid on its face and was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction." (Emphasis added.) 124 State v. Zavala-Reynoso Apr. 2005 ¶11 The term "valid on its face" has been interpreted to mean " 'without further elaboration.' " In re Pers. Restraint of Stoudmire , 141 Wn.2d 342 , 353, 5 P.3d 1240 (2000) (emphasis omitted) (quoting State v. Ammons , 105 Wn.2d 175 , 188, 713 P.2d 719, 718 P.2d 796 (1986)). Here, Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's community custody term (9-12 months), plus his standard range sentence (114 months), exceeds his statutory maximum term. Thus, the total (123-136 months) on its face exceeds the 120 month maximum term. [8]¶12 Even so, the State argues because Mr. Zavala-Reynoso will likely receive good time credit, reducing his sentence, he may still not be incarcerated for the full standard range sentence. Therefore, the State reasons this issue is not ripe. We disagree. Viewed from the outset, the sentence exceeds the maximum term. Under the State's theory, if Mr. Zavala-Reynoso was required to wait for the happening of subsequent events to apply for relief under CrR 7.8, he would seemingly lose or severely diminish his opportunity to secure meaningful relief under CrR 7.8 or RCW 10.73.090 . And, if Mr. Zavala-Reynoso does earn credits against his standard range sentence, he has in a sense served his sentence. Given all, we conclude the issue is properly before us. [9]¶13 Under RCW 9.94A.505 (5), "Except as [otherwise] provided . . . a court may not impose a sentence providing for a term of confinement or community supervision, community placement, or community custody which exceeds the statutory maximum for the crime as provided in chapter 9A.20 RCW." (Emphasis added). Since the sentencing court imposed a sentence exceeding Mr. Zavala-Reynoso's statutory maximum, we vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing in a manner consistent with this opinion.\ KATO , C.J., and SWEENEY , J., concur. |