Hans York, et al., Petitioners, v. Wahkiakum School District No. 200, Respondent.
[1] Injunction - Temporary Injunction - Elements. To obtain temporary injunctive relief, a party must establish (1) a clear legal or equitable right, (2) a reasonable fear of immediate invasion of that right, and (3) that the acts complained of will result in actual and substantial injury to the party.
[2] Injunction - Temporary Injunction - Acts Halted Pending Trial - Moot Status. A claim for a preliminary injunction to stop an activity that has been voluntarily halted pending trial is moot.
[3] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Search - Special Needs Doctrine - In General. The "special needs" doctrine allows for warrantless, suspicionless searches focused on a specific class of individuals when special needs beyond the normal need for law enforcement render the warrant and probable cause requirements impracticable.
[4] Searches and Seizures - Warrantless Search - Special Needs Doctrine - Applicability - Determination. Whether a program of warrantless, suspicionless searches focused on a specific class of individuals can be justified under the "special needs" doctrine depends on the nature of the privacy interest involved and the character and degree of the intrusion. Such a program is not unreasonable for constitutional purposes if the intrusion is justified by a compelling state interest and is narrowly tailored to meet that interest.
[5] Schools - Students - Student Search - Athletes - Mandatory Drug and Alcohol Testing. Public school students do not have a clear legal or equitable right not to be subjected to suspicionless drug or alcohol testing as a condition of participating in school athletic programs.
Bridgewater, J., concurs by separate opinion.
384 YORK v. WAHKIAKUM SCH. DIST. NO. 200 Feb. 2002
110 Wn. App. 383
Catherine E. Maxson and Jeffrey L. Fisher (of Davis Wright Tremaine, L.L.P.) and Aaron H. Caplan (of American Civil Liberties Union of Washington), for petitioners.
Sharon J. Bitcon; and Fred A. Johnson, Prosecuting Attorney for Wahkiakum County, for respondent.
Armstrong, C.J. - After the Wahkiakum School District discovered that many of its students were using alcohol and illegal drugs, the District implemented a drug testing program. The District requires student athletes to consent to random drug testing as a condition of participating in sports. A group of parents sued the District, claiming that the drug testing violates the state and federal constitutions. The trial court denied their motion for a preliminary injunction to stop the testing pending trial. We accepted discretionary review of the trial court's ruling, but now dismiss the petition as moot.
Feb. 2002 YORK v. WAHKIAKUM SCH. DIST. NO. 200 385
110 Wn. App. 383
DISCUSSION
[1, 2] To obtain a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff must show that (1) he has a clear legal or equitable right and (2) he reasonably fears immediate invasion of that right, which (3) will cause him actual and substantial injury. Tyler Pipe Indus., Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue, 96 Wn.2d 785, 792, 638 P.2d 1213 (1982). The District argues that review of the trial court's denial of a preliminary injunction is moot because the District has agreed to stop testing students pending the trial. We agree and, therefore, dismiss the petition and remand to the trial court.
[3-5] Even if the District continued testing, the students have not shown that it invades any clear legal or equitable right. They rely on Kuehn v. Renton School District No. 403, 103 Wn.2d 594, 694 P.2d 1078 (1985), where our Supreme Court banned suspicionless searches of students' belongings absent reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing for each student searched. Here, the District tests athletes randomly, without suspicion.
Washington courts have continued to require reasonable suspicion to search a particular student. See, e.g., State v. B.A.S., 103 Wn. App. 549, 13 P.3d 244 (2000); State v. Brooks, 43 Wn. App. 560, 718 P.2d 837 (1986). But since Kuehn, both the United States Supreme Court and the Washington Supreme Court have allowed suspicionless searches under certain circumstances. See, e.g., Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 115 S. Ct. 2386, 132 L. Ed. 2d 564 (1995) (drug testing of student athletes); In re Juveniles A, B, C, D, E, 121 Wn.2d 80, 847 P.2d 455 (1993) (HIV tests for juvenile sex offenders). In these cases, the courts applied the "special needs" exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. Vernonia, 515 U.S. at 652-54; In re Juveniles A, B, C, D, E, 121 Wn.2d at 91. This exception allows government to conduct a warrantless, suspicionless search focused on a specific class of individuals if "'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable-cause requirement
386 YORK v. WAHKIAKUM SCH. DIST. NO. 200 Feb. 2002
110 Wn. App. 383
impracticable.'" Vernonia, 515 U.S. at 653 (quoting Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 873, 107 S. Ct. 3164, 97 L. Ed. 2d 709 (1987)). To determine whether the special needs exception applies, a court examines the nature of the privacy interest and the character and degree of the intrusion. Then the court determines whether a compelling state interest justifies the intrusion and whether the intrusion is a narrowly tailored means of serving the interest. Vernonia, 515 U.S. at 660-64.
The students here contend that the drug testing violates article I, section 7 of the State Constitution. Division One of this Court recently banned suspicionless drug testing of candidates for public employment under article I, section 7. Robinson v. City of Seattle, 102 Wn. App. 795, 10 P.3d 452 (2000). The court concluded that in In re Juveniles A, B, C, D, E, our Supreme Court applied an "entirely different analysis" for suspicionless testing under the article I, section 7 right to privacy. Robinson, 102 Wn. App. at 817. But, applied to a suspicionless testing policy, the analysis mirrors the special needs analysis: a compelling state interest must justify the policy and the testing must be a narrowly tailored means of serving this interest. In re Juveniles A, B, C, D, E, 121 Wn.2d at 96-98; Robinson, 102 Wn. App. at 817-18.
Thus, suspicionless searches are not unreasonable per se, and the students have not shown that the District's policy invades a clear legal or equitable right.
Remanded.
Hunt, J., concurs.
Bridgewater, J. - I concur in the result that the matter is moot; the remainder is unnecessary.