[No. 19243-1-III. Division Three. April 3, 2001.]
JANICE E. HAYES, Respondent, v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES, INC., Appellant.
[1] Evidence - Review - Discretion of Court - In General. A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on evidentiary matters. Its ruling will not be overturned on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. Discretion is not abused unless the ruling is based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons.
[2] Damages - Mitigation - Collateral Source Rule - Scope -Applicability. Under the collateral source rule, evidence that a personal injury plaintiff has obtained compensation for the injury from a third party is properly excluded from trial to protect the plaintiff from a reduction in damages otherwise recoverable.
[3] Damages - Medical Services - Past Medical Services - Reasonable Value - In General. A plaintiff in a negligence action may recover as actual damages the reasonable value of medical
612 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES Apr. 2001
105 Wn. App. 611
services rendered. The measure of actual damages is not necessarily the total of all medical bills issued or paid. The question instead is whether the sums requested for medical services are reasonable.
[4] Damages - Medical Services - Past - Medical Services -Acceptance of Less Than Amount Billed - Collateral Source Rule - Effect. Evidence that a personal injury plaintiff's physician accepted less money from the plaintiff's insurance company than the physician actually billed as payment in full for medical services rendered may be excluded from trial under the collateral source rule.
[5] Evidence - Relevance - Determination. Evidence tending to establish a party's theory or to qualify or disprove the testimony of an adversary is relevant under ER 402.
[6] Negligence - Owner or Occupier of Land - Invitee - Knowledge of Hazard - Owner's Presence. Evidence of the presence of property owners on the property at the time of an invitee's injury thereon is relevant under ER 402 where knowledge of the conditions on the property by someone in a position of authority is at issue and the owners were witnesses to the scene.
[7] Evidence - Relevance - Balanced Against Prejudice - Unfair Prejudice - What Constitutes. For purposes of ER 403, evidence is "unfairly prejudicial" if it is "dragged in" for the sake of its prejudicial effect or is likely to trigger an emotional response rather than a rational decision by the jurors.
[8] Evidence - Relevance - Balanced Against Prejudice - Unfair Prejudice - Necessity. The fact that proffered evidence would prejudice one party to a lawsuit does not, by itself, render the evidence inadmissible under ER 403.
[9] Evidence - Relevance - Balanced Against Prejudice - Unfair Prejudice - Burden of Proof. Under ER 403, the burden of showing unfair prejudice is on the party seeking to exclude the evidence.
[10] Appeal - Assignments of Error - Failure To Assign Error - Effect. An appellate court may decline to address an issue relating to a finding, ruling, or conclusion to which no error was assigned.
[11] Evidence - Relevance - Balanced Against Prejudice - Review - Judicial Self-Restraint. An appellate court will disturb a trial court's balancing of the probative value of evidence against its prejudicial effect under ER 403 only in exceptional circumstances.
[12] Trial - Instructions - Theory of Case - Number of Instructions - Discretion of Court. A trial court has broad discretion to determine how may instruction are needed to present a litigant's theory of the case.
[13] Negligence - Duty - Duty To See - Instruction -
Apr. 2001 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES 613
105 Wn. App. 611
Necessity. A negligence defendant is not entitled to a "duty-to-see" instruction if the theory can be argued under the general negligence instruction given by the trial court.
Nature of Action: A patron of a restaurant and bar who slipped and fell on steps leading to the establishment's basement sought damages for personal injury from the owner of the restaurant and bar. The plaintiff alleged that, after entering the premises through a public entrance and into a darkened hallway, she inadvertently walked through an open door leading to the basement and fell down the basement stairs, injuring her ankle.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Spokane County, No. 98-2-05537-0, Michael E. Donohue. J., on March 2, 2000, entered a judgment on a verdict in favor of the plaintiff.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence that the plaintiff's physician accepted less for his services than he billed, by admitting evidence that the owners of the establishment were present when the plaintiff was injured, or by refusing to give the defendant's requested duty-to-see instruction, the court affirms the judgment.
Geoffrey D. Swindler; and Mary M. Palmer (of Paine, Hamblen, Coffin, Brooke & Miller), for appellant.
Edward J. Goss (of Goss, Hipperson & Sampson), for respondent.
SWEENEY, J. - This is a slip-and-fall case. Janice Hayes injured her foot when she fell down the basement stairs at a restaurant and bar-the Park Inn. She sued the owner, Wieber Enterprises, Inc. The jury returned a verdict for Ms. Hayes and awarded her damages. Wieber assigns error to three of the court's rulings.
614 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES Apr. 2001
105 Wn. App. 611
First, it argues the court improperly applied the collateral source rule to exclude evidence that Ms. Hayes' doctor accepted less for his services than he billed. Next, Wieber argues the court erred by allowing testimony that two of the owners were on site when Ms. Hayes fell. It argues their presence was irrelevant and prejudicial.
Finally, Wieber contends that the court should have given the jury a "duty to see" instruction. All of Wieber's assignments of error are to discretionary decisions of the trial judge. We find no abuse of discretion and affirm.
FACTS
Janice Hayes went to the Park Inn Park Plaza (Park Inn) with her sister and a friend. The trio entered the Park Inn through one of two public entrances. Ms. Hayes entered first. The other two followed. The door opened into a dark hall. Ms. Hayes saw not light at all. The bulb that lights the hall was burnt out. She proceeded down the hall, which she believed led into the restaurant.
But Ms. Hayes unknowingly walked through another door that led to the basement. She fell down the basement stairs. The basement door was open; it is normally kept closed. There is also an "Employees Only" sign on the basement door that is visible when the door is closed. The bartender on duty came to her aid. He turned on the basement light. Ms. Hayes' sister helped her up the stairs.
Ms. Hayes' ankle was bleeding and she was in pain. She applied ice to her ankle for 10 to 20 minutes before they returned to Deaconess Hospital, where they had been visiting Ms. Hayes' mother. Ms. Hayes' ankle was X-rayed. She was given pain medication and discharged.
Dr. Russell Oakley saw Ms. Hayes a few days after her fall. He diagnosed an avulsion fracture of the head of her calcaneus bone (heel bone). Dr. Oakley fit her with a boot-type cast. He operated on her foot approximately four months after the fall.
Ms. Hayes sued Wieber.
Apr. 2001 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES 615
105 Wn. App. 611
They tried the case to a jury. Wieber wanted to question Dr. Oakley on the difference between the amount he accepted in payment for his services ($3,300) and the amount he billed for these same services ($5,800). The court concluded the difference was a collateral sources and refused the offered proof.
The bartender testified, over objection, that two of the Park Inn's owners were present at the time the accident Wieber argued their presence was irrelevant.
Wieber proposed a jury instruction on the duty to see, which would have told the jury that Ms. Hayes had a duty to see what would have been seen by a person exercising ordinary care. The court refused the instruction.
The jury found Wieber was negligent. It awarded Ms. Hayes $1,300 for wage loss, $5,900 for medical bills, and $68,500 for pain and suffering. The jury also concluded Ms. Hayes was negligent and eight percent at fault.
Wieber moved for a new trial and/or remittitur. The court denied the motion.
ANALYSIS
Collateral Source Rule. Wieber argues the court should have allowed testimony on the discrepancy between the amount Dr. Oakley billed and the amount he actually accepted as payment in full.
Dr. Oakley billed Ms. Hayes approximately $5,800 for medical services. But he accepted the approximately $3,300 her health insurer paid as payment in full. Wieber argues that the $3,300 was appropriate evidence of the fair market value of the medical care.
[1] Trial courts exercise broad discretion when deciding evidentiary matters, and will not be overturned unless there was a manifest abuse of that discretion Cox v. Spangler, 141 Wn.2d 431, 439, 5 P.3d 1265 (2000). A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. State ex rel.
616 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES Apr. 2001
105 Wn. App. 611
Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971).
[2-4] Payments, other than those from the tortfeasor, received by a plaintiff because of injuries are a collateral source and will not reduce damages otherwise recoverable. Cox, 141 Wn.2d at 439. Wieber argues the collateral source rule is not applicable because no one paid the difference between the amount billed and the amount accepted. It contends that the collateral source rule only applies to actual amounts paid on the plaintiffs behalf. And no payment was made here beyond the $3,300 Dr. Oakley accepted.
Plaintiffs in negligence cases are permitted to recover the reasonable value of the medical services they receive not the total of all bills paid. Patterson v. Horton, 84 Wn. App. 531, 543, 929 P.2d 1125 (1997). And the amount actually billed or paid is not itself determinative. The question is whether the sums requested for medical services are reasonable. 6 WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CIVIL 30.07, at 39 (3d ed. Supp. 1994); Patterson, 84 Wn. App. at 543.
Wieber could have challenged the reasonableness of Ms. Hayes' medical bills by presenting testimony that the charges were unreasonable. The fact that the doctor accepted the first party insurance carrier's limit for his services does not tend to prove his charge for these services was unreasonable. Dr. Oakley testified the bill was reasonable. Wieber presented no evidence to the contrary. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion by refusing to admit evidence that Ms. Hayes' physician accepted what her insurance company paid as payment in full.
Moreover, there is not way for us to determine how much the jury awarded Ms. Hayes for her past medical bills. The verdict form simply stated "medical bills." It did not differentiate between past and future medical bills. The jury was, however, instructed to consider both past and future medical bills. And it awarded more than the amount billed-indicating at least some of the verdict represented future medical bills.
Presence of Owners in the Bar. Wieber contends the court
Apr. 2001 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES 617
105 Wn. App. 611
erred by allowing Ms. Hayes to show that two of the Park Inn's owners were present in the bar at the time of Ms. Hayes' fall. Wieber argues their presence was (1) not relevant, and (2) unfairly prejudicial.
Again, trial courts exercise broad discretion when deciding evidentiary matters, and will not be overturned unless there was a manifest abuse of that discretion. Cox, 141 Wn.2d at 439. And a trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. Carroll, 79 Wn.2d at 26.
[5] Relevancy. All relevant evidence is admissible. ER 402; Medcalf v. Dep't of Licensing, 83 Wn. App. 8, 16, 920 P.2d 228 (1996), aff'd, 133 Wn.2d 290, 944 P.2d 1014, 76 A.L.R.5th 765 (1997). "Relevant evidence" is "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." ER 401; Medcalf, 83 Wn. App. at 16. Evidence tending to establish a party's theory, or to qualify or disprove the testimony of an adversary, is relevant evidence. Lamborn v. Phillips Pac. Chem. Co., 89 Wn.2d 701, 706, 575 P.2d 215 (1978); Maicke v. RDH, Inc., 37 Wn. App. 750, 752, 683 P.2d 227 (1984).
[6] Wieber argues the presence of the two owners was irrelevant. It claims testimony of their presence only inflamed the jurors' emotions and embarrassed the owners. The trial court allowed Ms. Hayes to say who was in the bar. The presence of the owners was relevant. First, knowledge of conditions in the bar by someone in a position of authority was an issue. See J.M.S. Farms, Inc. v. Dep't if Wildlife, 68 Wn. App. 150, 158, 842 P2d 489 (1992) (knowledge of individuals at a certain level of responsibility is deemed the knowledge of the corporation). Second, the owners, along with everyone else in the bar at the time, were witnesses.
[7-9] Unfairly prejudicial. Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. ER 403; Kirk v. Wash. State Univ., 109 Wn.2d 448, 462, 746 P.2d 285
618 HAYES v. WIEBER ENTERPRISES Apr. 2001
105 Wn. App. 611
(1987) (concluding evidence of prior abortions was prejudicial). Evidence may be unfairly prejudicial under ER 403 if it is evidence "dragged in" for the sake of its prejudicial effect or is likely to trigger an emotional response rather than a rational decision among the jurors. Carson v. Fine, 123 Wn.2d 206, 223-24, 867 P.2d 610 (1994). Nearly all evidence will prejudice one side or the other in a lawsuit. Id. at 224. The burden of showing prejudice is on the party seeking to exclude the evidence. Id. at 225.
[10] Wieber claims the presence of the two owners in the bar was unfairly prejudicial. It particularly complains about the way it was used during closing argument. Wieber claims the prejudicial effect of this testimony is demonstrated by the jury's excessive verdict. Wieber does not assign error to the jury's award of general damages. We will not address an issue to which no error is assigned. Goehle v. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Ctr., 100 Wn. App. 609, 620, 1 P.3d 579, review denied, 142 Wn.2d 1010 (2000). Ms. Hayes' counsel said in closing argument:
So you decide for yourselves about whether this company is indifferent about the safety of customers, and you use that information and also the fact that two owners were present there that night and didn't bother to even ask to decide whether they're indifferent or not.
Report of Proceedings at 201.
[11] the issue is not whether the owners' presence in the bar was prejudicial, but whether it was unfairly prejudicial. ER 403. The decision to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court. Cox, 141 Wn.2d at 439. And so we find reversible error only in exceptional circumstances under ER 403. Carson. 123 Wn.2d at 226. Again, the question is whether the owners knew or should have known of a dangerous condition, and whether they did anything about it. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion. The evidence was relevant and not used (argued) unfairly.
[12, 13] Duty to See Instruction. Wieber argues the court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on Ms. Hayes' duty to
Apr. 2001 SENTENCE OF HOLT 619
105 Wn. App. 619
see. Trial courts have broad discretion to determine how many instructions are needed for each litigant to present its theory of the case. Young v. Carter, 38 Wn. App. 147, 149-50, 684 P.2d 784 (1984); Hinkel v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 6 Wn. App. 548, 553, 494 P.2d 1008 (1972). And a trial court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to give a duty to see instruction when the requesting party can argue its theory under a general negligence instruction. Cornejo v. Sate, 57 Wn. App. 314, 320-21, 788 P.2d 554 (1990).
Here, the court instructed the jury on negligence. Wieber's theory of the case was that Ms. Hayes was negligent. Wieber's counsel argued that Ms. Hayes failed to exercise reasonable care because she walked down a dark hall when she could not see where she was going.
Wieber was able to argue its theory of the case without the duty to see instruction. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give the additional instruction. Cornejo, 57 Wn. App. at 320-21.
Affirmed.
BROWN, A.C.J., and KATO, J., concur.