[No. 44762-9-I. Division One. September 18, 2000.]
PUGET SOUNDKEEPER ALLIANCE, ET AL., Petitioners, v. THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, ET AL., Respondents.
[1] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Question of Law - De Novo Review - Deference to Agency - Interpretation of Statute. An issue of law in an administrative adjudication is reviewed by a court de novo, although substantial weight will be given to the agency's interpretation of the statutes that it administers.
[2] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Record - Record Subject to Review. Judicial review of an administrative adjudication is on the evidence that was before the administrative agency.
[3] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Scope - Issues Presented to Agency - Adequate Record. When an appellate court reviews the decision of an administrative agency, it will consider only issues that the administrative record shows were raised in the administrative hearing and for which the administrative record provides a sufficient basis for review.
[4] Environment - Water Pollution - Statutory Provisions - Federal Law - Purposes - Effluent Limitations - Technological Advances - Relationship. The purpose of the federal Clean Water Act's (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387) national pollution discharge elimination system (33 U.S.C. § 1342) permits is to reduce the discharge of pollutants into the nation's navigable waters by reducing pollutant discharge limits as technology advances.
[5] Environment - Water Pollution - Statutory Provisions - State Law - Purposes - Effluent Limitations - Technological Advances - Relationship. The purpose of the Washington Water Pollution Control Act (chapter 90.48 RCW) requirement that discharge permits require the use of all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants (RCW 90.48.520) in the applicant's wastewater is to reduce the discharge of pollutants into the state's waters by reducing pollutant discharge limits as technology advances.
[6] Environment - Water Pollution - Statutory Provisions - Common Goals. The common goal of both the federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387) and the Washington Water Pollution Control Act (chapter 90.48 RCW) to reduce the discharge of pollutants into water, does not require that effluent limitations be reduced to the greatest extent possible as a mechanism to drive advances in technology, but rather the reductions in effluent limitations are driven by and are a consequence of advances in
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technology.
[7] Statutes - Construction - Policy Statements - Preemption by Specific Provisions. When a statute contains both general policy declarations and specific statutory provisions, the specific statutory provisions supercede the general policy declarations.
[8] Environment - Water Pollution - Discharge Permit - Validity - Lack of Advancement of Clean Water Policies - Effect. An effluent discharge permit advances the policies of the federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387) and the Washington Water Pollution Control Act (chapter 90.48 RCW) so long as it complies with the requirements of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (33 U.S.C. § 1342) and uses all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants (RCW 90.48.520) in the applicant's wastewater.
[9] Environment - Water Pollution - Statutory Provisions - Requirements - Development of New Technology - Discharge Permit Conditions. The Washington Water Pollution Control Act (chapter 90.48 RCW) requirement that applicants for National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (33 U.S.C. § 1342) permits under the federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387) use all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants (RCW 90.48.520) in the applicant's wastewater does not mandate that applicants develop new technology to control toxicants, nor require numeric discharge limits to the exclusion of narrative conditions.
[10] Statutes - Construction - Administrative Construction - Deference to Agency - In General. An administrative agency's plausible construction of an ambiguous statute within its area of expertise will be upheld by a reviewing court.
[11] Environment - Water Pollution - Discharge Permit - Numeric Conditions - Higher Than Historic Performance Levels - Validity. The Washington Water Pollution Control Act (chapter 90.48 RCW) requirement that applicants for National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (33 U.S.C. § 1342) permits under the federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387) use all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants (RCW 90.48.520) in the applicant's wastewater does not prohibit permit discharge limits higher than the facility's actual historic performance levels if other permit conditions require the facility to use the best available technology to control discharges.
Nature of Action: Citizens organizations sought judicial review of an administrative decision upholding a state agency's issuance of an effluent discharge permit consisting of numeric and narrative conditions.
Court of Appeals: Upon certification of the case to the
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Court of Appeals for direct review, the court affirms the administrative adjudication, holding that the permit properly included a combination of numeric and narrative conditions, that the conditions furthered the purposes of the federal Clean Water Act and the state Water Pollution Control Act, and that the numeric conditions were reasonable.
Patti A. Goldman and Jan E. Hasselman (of Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund), for petitioners.
Christine O. Gregoire, Attorney General, and Ronald L. Lavigne, Assistant; and Matthew Cohen (of Heller Ehrman White & McAuliffe), for respondents.
AGID, C.J. - RCW 90.48.520 requires that wastewater discharge permits issued under the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) and Washington's Water Pollution Control Act (WPCA) include conditions requiring the permit holder to use all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants in that wastewater. The Department of Ecology (DOE) issued a permit to Tesoro Northwest Company (Tesoro) that includes a combination of numeric effluent limits and narrative conditions to ensure that this requirement is met. Because the plant often operates well below the numeric discharge limits specified in the permit, Puget Soundkeeper Alliance (Soundkeeper) appealed the permit, arguing that the applicable statutes require numeric limits only, and that those limits should be lower, reflecting Tesoro's actual discharge performance. We hold that DOE properly imposed a combination of conditions, these conditions further the purposes of the CWA and WPCA more effectively than numeric conditions alone and, on this record, the numeric limits are reasonable.
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FACTS
DOE renewed a waste discharge permit for the Shell Anacortes refinery in March 1998. After Tesoro acquired that refinery, the permit was transferred to Tesoro on September 15, 1998. The permit contains numerical effluent limitations, whole effluent toxicity limitations and narrative conditions. Soundkeeper appealed the Tesoro permit to the Pollution Control Hearings Board (PCHB), claiming that it violated state law standards, which require using all known available and reasonable methods of prevention, control, or treatment (AKART), because the historic operation of the facility produced actual discharge levels well below the levels set in the permit. Soundkeeper reasoned that the refinery's actual discharge levels were themselves known, available and reasonable methods of pollution control and therefore required DOE to impose levels lower than those set in the permit. It also argued that DOE violated applicable statutes by using a combination of numeric limits and narrative conditions because only numeric limits satisfy AKART requirements.
The parties submitted the case to the PCHB on stipulated facts. They agreed that the refinery actually operates in compliance with AKART and that its reported discharge levels for most parameters were significantly below permit limits most of the time. Based on the stipulated facts, the PCHB upheld the permit, concluding that the combination of numeric discharge limits and the narrative requirements in the permit fully satisfied Washington AKART requirements.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
[1-3] This court undertakes the same review of DOE and PCHB decisions as does the superior court.«1» We review
«1» Manke Lumber Co, v. Diehl, 91 Wn. App. 793, 801-02, 959 P.2d 1173 (1998), review denied, 137 Wn.2d 1018 (1999).
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their legal decisions de novo, giving substantial weight to the agency's interpretation of the statutes it administers.«2» An agency's interpretation of a statute is not binding on the court,«3» but we will uphold it if it is a plausible construction.«4» In reviewing a decision of the PCHB, we may consider only the evidence that was before it.«5» Here, the PCHB was limited to stipulated facts in making its decision, so we are likewise limited in our review to those stipulations. Accordingly, we cannot consider Soundkeeper's argument based on Tesoro's actual performance standards because they are not among the stipulated facts and thus not part of our record. The record does include a stipulation that reported discharge levels for most parameters were significantly below permit levels most of the time, and we can consider that stipulation in deciding the other two issues: whether the Tesoro permit violates AKART requirements and whether the AKART provision allows DOE to use a combination of numeric and narrative conditions.
Statutory and Regulatory Background
[4-6] The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (CWA) was enacted with the broad policy objective of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological diversity of the nation's waters.«6» One goal of the CWA was to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the nation's
«2» Id. at 802 (citing Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Department of Ecology, 86 Wn.2d 310, 315, 545 P.2d 5 (1976)); McTavish v. City of Bellevue, 89 Wn. App. 561, 564, 949 P.2d 837 (1998); City of Redmond v. Central Puget Sound Growth Management Hearings Bd., 136 Wn.2d 38, 46, 959 P.2d 1091 (1998).
«3» City of Redmond, 136 Wn.2d at 46.
«4» Seatoma Convalescent Ctr. v. Department ofSoc. & Health Servs., 82 Wn. App. 495, 518, 919 P.2d 602 (1996), review denied, 130 Wn.2d 1023 (1997). The standard of review is essentially the same under federal law. See Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. United States Envtl. Protection Agency, 822 F.2d 104, 122 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-45, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984)).
«5» Dioxin/Organochlorine Ctr. v. Department of Ecology, 119 Wn.2d 761, 771, 837 P.2d 1007 (1992).
«6» 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a).
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navigable waters by 1985.«7» To this end, the CWA created the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES),«8» a permit program designed to press for development of new, more efficient and effective technologies and impose progressively more demanding limits as technology advanced.«9»
Washington State, through DOE, administers the NPDES discharge permit program,«10» but it must comply with the federal effluent limitations.«11» Those limits must be set at levels requiring the permit holder to use the best practicable pollution control technology currently available.«12» For certain classes of pollutants, effluent limits
shall require application of the best available technology economically achievable for such category or class, which will result in reasonable further progress toward the national goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants, as determined in accordance with regulations issued by the Administrator... «13»
The CWA does not prevent states from adopting or enforcing other limits, so long as they are as stringent as the federal standards.«14»
Similarly, Washington's WPCA has a policy of maintaining the highest possible standards to insure the purity of all waters in the state and, to that end, requires using "all known available and reasonable [treatment] methods" to
«7» 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(l).
«8» 33 U.S.C. § 1342.
«9» Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. United States Envtl. Protection Agency, 655 F.2d 318, 328, cert, denied sub nom. General Motors Corp. v. Gorsuch, 454 U.S. 1017 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
«10» 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b).
«11» 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(l)(A) (incorporating by reference 33 U.S.C. § 1311).
«12» 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b)(l)(A)(i).
«13» 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b)(2XA)(i).
«14» 33 U.S.C. § 1370. See also Power Auth. v. Department of Envtl. Conservation, 379 F. Supp. 243 (N.D.N.Y. 1974) (holding states retain the right to set more restrictive standards with respect to discharges from hydroelectric power plants).
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prevent and control the pollution of state waters.«15» The statute declares that Washington will work cooperatively with the federal government to extinguish sources of water quality degradation.«16» But the WPCA also requires that this policy be consistent with several other state policies, including those promoting industrial development.«17»
DOE is the Washington water pollution control agency for all purposes under the CWA.«18» Accordingly, DOE has complete authority to administer the NPDES permit program,«19» and has adopted procedures for that purpose.«20» Whenever possible, permits issued by DOE must ensure compliance with AKART requirements.«21»
CWA's Broad Policy Goals are Implemented by its Specific Regulatory Provisions
Soundkeeper's arguments rely heavily on the policies of the CWA and WPCA, asserting that they require DOE to limit water pollution to the greatest extent achievable and compel the development of new control technology. Soundkeeper is correct that the permit program was intended to impose increasingly stringent technology-based limits on effluents.«22» But the way the federal and state statutory schemes are designed, reductions in effluent limits are driven by advances in technology, not vice versa. Effluent limits are not reduced in order to drive advances in technology. Nor are they necessarily reduced with each new permit cycle. Rather, the statutory scheme envisions that
«15» RCW 90.48.010.
«16» Id
«17» Id.
«18» RCW 90.48.260.
«19» RCW 90.48.260(1).
«20» Chapter 173-220 WAC.
«21» RCW 90.48.520; WAC 173-220-130(l)(a).
«22» Rybachek v. United States Envtl. Protection Agency, 904 F.2d 1276, 1283 (9th Cir. 1990); Stream Pollution Control Bd. v. United States Steel Corp., 512 F.2d 1036, 1043 (7th Cir. 1975).
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effluent limitations will decrease as technology advances.«23» Nothing in our state's parallel statute indicates that it differs from the federal statutory scheme on this point.
[7] Nor do either Acts' declarations of policy control over the more specific statutory provisions adopted to implement those general declarations:«24»
Undeniably, Congress' strong statement of its objective must color EPA's and our interpretation of specific provisions of the Act. But, as any student of the legislative process soon learns, it is one thing for Congress to announce a grand goal, and quite another for it to mandate full implementation of that goal. Read as a whole, the Clean Water Act shows not only Congress' determined effort to clean up our polluted lakes and rivers, but also its practical recognition of the economic, technological, and political limits on total elimination of all pollution from all sources. The Act contains numerous requirements that cost be taken into account in establishing effluent limits, as well as assorted exemptions from those limits. Moreover, the purposes section, in its own right, suggests that Congress recognized that the substantive provisions of the Act fall short of completely achieving the announced goals of the Act. «25» Washington law is no different. Although declarations of policy in an act serve as an important guide to the meaning of the operative sections, they have no operative force in and of themselves.«26» And, while Washington has declared a public policy of maintaining the highest possible standards to insure the purity of its waters, that policy is expressly subject to several other public policy considerations and to the specific requirements of the statute.
«23» Texas Oil & Gas Ass'n v. United States Envtl. Protection Agency, 161 F.3d 923, 927 (5th Cir. 1998) (citing E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Train, 430 U.S. 112, 97 S. Ct. 965, 51 L. Ed. 2d 204 (1977)); Natural Resources Defense Council, 822 F.2d at 124.
«24» Wellons v. Northwest Airlines, 165 F.3d 493 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Morales v. Trans World Airlines, 504 U.S. 374, 384, 112 S. Ct. 2031, 119 L. Ed. 2d 157 (1992)).
«25» National Wildlife Fed'n v. Gorsuch, 693 F.2d 156, 178 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (footnotes omitted).
«26» Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe, 90 Wn.2d 123, 128, 580 P.2d 246 (1978). See also Lund v. Department of Ecology, 93 Wn. App. 329, 337, 969 P.2d 1072 (1998).
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[8] Thus, the goals of the CWA, progressively reducing discharge levels and ultimately preventing all discharge, are general long-term goals. So too is Washington's goal of maintaining the highest standards to ensure the purity of the state's waters. But under the statutory provisions implementing these goals, even a permit that does not directly advance the Acts' policies is not arbitrary if it complies with specific NPDES and AKART requirements.
AKART Requirements Do Not Limit DOE to Numeric Effluent Conditions
[9] Soundkeeper claims the Tesoro permit fails to comply with what it argues are Washington's more stringent AKART requirements because AKART mandates that permits contain only numeric effluent limits and this permit includes both numeric and narrative conditions. The AKART statute, RCW 90.48.520, provides:
Review of operations before issuance or renewal of waste water discharge permits-Incorporation of permit conditions
In order to improve water quality by controlling toxicants in wastewater, the department of ecology shall in issuing and renewing state and federal wastewater discharge permits review the applicant's operations and incorporate permit conditions which require all known, available, and reasonable methods to control toxicants in the applicant's wastewater. Such conditions may include, but are not limited to: (1) Limits on the discharge of specific chemicals, and (2) limits on the overall toxicity of the effluent. The toxicity of the effluent shall be determined by techniques such as chronic or acute bioassays. Such conditions shall be required regardless of the quality of receiving water and regardless of the minimum water quality standards. In no event shall the discharge of toxicants be allowed that would violate any water quality standard, including toxicant standards, sediment criteria, and dilution zone criteria.
The phrase "all known, available, and reasonable methods" is not defined in the statute,«27» but it is defined in DOE
«27» RCW 90.48.520.
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regulations:«28»
"AKART" is an acronym for "all known, available, and reasonable methods of prevention, control, and treatment." AKART shall represent the most current methodology that can be reasonably required for preventing, controlling, or abating the pollutants associated with a discharge. The concept of AKART applies to both point and nonpoint sources of pollution.«29»
In Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Southwest Air Pollution Control Auth. ,«30» the court considered the "all known available and reasonable" language in the context of air pollution emission requirements.«31» The Legislature used the phrase in conjunction with the requirement that notice be given of construction of new contaminant sources. "[T]he department of ecology . . . may require . . . the submission of plans ... in order to determine whether the proposed construction . . . will be in accord with applicable rules . . . and will provide all known available and reasonable methods of emission control."«32» The statutory language considered by the court in Weyerhaeuser is essentially identical to the language at issue here, and the air pollution control statute is highly analogous to the water pollution control act. Thus, the analysis of the quoted language in Weyerhaeuser guides our interpretation of the AKART language in RCW 90.48.520.
The Weyerhaeuser court addressed, in the air pollution context, both issues Soundkeeper raises here. It held that while the statutory language was clearly meant to foster the use of new emission control technology, it did not necessarily require using the best control technology. The court identified two reasons for its holding. First, the "known" and "available" language does not require
«28» WAC 173-220-130(l)(a).
«29» WAC 173-201A-020.
«30» 91 Wn.2d 77, 81, 586 P.2d 1163 (1978).
«31» Former RCW 70.94.152(1) (1973-91).
«32» Id.
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applicants to develop new technology to advance emission controls, and second, the term "reasonable" limits DOE to requiring a system that is both economically and technically feasible.«33» The court also held the "known, available and reasonable"«34» language did not require DOE to use only numeric limits. We hold that the AKAKT requirement in RCW 90.48.520 is to be similarly construed. It neither requires applicants to develop new technology nor limits DOE to numeric conditions on NPDES permits. Indeed, because the statute at issue here expressly states that permit "conditions may include, but are not limited to: (1) Limits on the discharge of specific chemicals, and (2) limits on the overall toxicity of the effluent,"«35» the conclusion that DOE is not limited to numeric conditions under the AKART provision is even stronger here.
Soundkeeper also argues that numeric limits facilitate discharge measurement and enforcement. While we agree that ease of measurement is a significant benefit of numeric limits, nothing in the act suggests it is required to implement the statutory goals.«36» As the Weyerhaeuser court held, the AKART language does not mandate numeric limits, and the plain language of the WPCA makes clear that permit conditions are not limited to numeric limits.
[10] Finally, the AKART language in RCW 90.48.520 neither defines nor specifies how to determine what "all known, available, and reasonable methods" are. We will uphold an agency's plausible construction of a statute if the statute is ambiguous and is within the agency's specialized area of expertise.«37» DOE's interpretation in this case was
«33» Weyerhaeuser, 91 Wn.2d at 81-82. DOE also administers and issues permits under the air pollution control statutes.
«34» Weyerhaeuser, 91 Wn.2d at 83.
«35» RCW 90.48.520 (emphasis added).
«36» Cf. Bird-Johnson Corp. v. Dana Corp., 119 Wn.2d 423, 426, 833 P.2d 375 (1992) (holding that Model Toxic Controls Act did not create an express right of contribution because it could have included language providing for contribution, but did not include such language).
«37» Manke Lumber, 91 Wn. App. at 802; Seatoma Convalescent Ctr., 82 Wn. App.
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reasonable, and Soundkeeper has not persuaded us that it conflicts with the statute.
Tesoro Permit Does Not Violate AKART and Was Properly Issued
[11] Soundkeeper's second argument is that, at a minimum, Washington's AKART provision requires that the permit's discharge limits not allow discharges at higher levels than the actual historical performance of the facility. Because the numeric limits in the Tesoro permit are higher than the refinery's historic performance levels and the narrative conditions cannot make up for this discrepancy, Soundkeeper contends the Tesoro permit violates the statute.
But the AKART provision requires using reasonable methods to control toxicants. The Tesoro permit's conditions, which directly address the refinery's pollution control methods, may in fact better satisfy AKART than numeric limits alone because the limits only indirectly relate to the methods used to control the end product-pollution. This permit's combination of numeric and narrative conditions satisfies AKART standards, especially where, as the parties agreed, the plant is already using the best available technological methods to control effluent discharge.
It is somewhat ironic that Soundkeeper opposes the narrative permit conditions because they answer many of its concerns that we not lose sight of the policies and goals of pollution control. The narrative conditions require Tesoro to properly operate and maintain its treatment system and to implement measures to reduce pollution, even though it meets the numeric limits. The refinery must update and follow a plan to maintain high treatment system efficiency and study the efficiency of the treatment system. Tesoro must also develop a plan to identify and implement pollution prevention that is technically and economically achievable, including identifying and studying at least 10 projects to reduce discharge. Those that are feasible will be adopted
at 518.
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as AKAKT and scheduled for implementation. This condition contributes to satisfying AKART requirements and does so in a way that advances the goal of greater reductions in discharge levels. Not only do these requirements complement numeric limits, they impose a higher level of performance on Tesoro than could be achieved by numeric limits alone. In addition, these substantive operational requirements can be enforced separately from numeric limits even if Tesoro's discharge levels remain below the numeric limits. This, in turn, contributes to developing new technology to achieve the pollution control Acts' lofty goals.
As the PCHB stated, "the Tesoro permit not only requires the permittee to diligently operate and maintain its existing wastewater treatment system, the historic performance of which satisfied AKART, but also to discover and implement opportunities to further reduce pollution through source control." The Tesoro permit implements AKART requirements and does not violate either the CWA or WPCA.
The Pollution Control Hearings Board and the superior court are affirmed.
GROSSE and BAKER, JJ., concur.