THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. KELIA PALMER, Appellant.
[1] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - "Same Criminal Conduct" - Statutory Elements. Courts narrowly construe RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a), under which multiple crimes constitute the "same criminal conduct" for sentencing purposes if the statutory elements are met: (1) same criminal intent, (2) commission at the same time and place, and (3) same victim.
188 STATE v. PALMER Apr. 1999
95 Wn. App. 187
[2] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - "Same Criminal Conduct" - Review - Standard of Review. A trial court's determination as to whether two crimes constitute the "same criminal conduct" for sentencing purposes under RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) is reviewed under the clear abuse of discretion and misapplication of the law standards.
[3] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - "Same Criminal Conduct" - Time - Rape. In determining whether multiple rapes constitute the "same criminal conduct" for sentencing purposes under RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a), rapes committed just a few minutes apart are committed at the "same time" when defendant's conduct between the rapes is limited to preparing for the next offense.
[4] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - "Same Criminal Conduct" - Objective Intent - Sexual Offenses - Rape. In determining whether multiple rapes constitute the "same criminal conduct" for sentencing purposes under RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a), multiple rapes committed against the same victim within a few minutes of each other involve the same "objective criminal intent" when defendant's violent conduct is constant and all of defendant's activities between rapes is associated with raping the victim.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for two counts of second degree rape. The charges were based upon multiple rapes of the same victim, at the same place, committed within a few minutes of each other.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 96-1-02833-5, Nicole MacInnes, J., entered a judgment of guilty on August 15, 1997.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the multiple rapes occurred at the same time, involved the same objective criminal intent, and thus should have been treated as the "same criminal conduct" for sentencing purposes under RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a), the court reverses the sentence and remands for resentencing.
James R. Dixon and Neal J. Philip, for appellant.
Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Kristin Johnson Chandler, Deputy, for respondent.
Apr. 1999 STATE v. PALMER 189
95 Wn. App. 187
BAKER, J. - Kelia Palmer was convicted of two counts of second degree rape. On appeal, he challenges his sentence, arguing that the two crimes qualify as the same criminal conduct for purposes of RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a). Following State v. Walden,«1» we agree, and remand for resentencing.
I.
Palmer was scheduled to visit his children at his ex-wife's (K.P's) house from 5:30 to 8:30 in the evening. When Palmer did not show up for the appointment and did not call, K.P. went to her mother's house. At around 8:00 Palmer showed up at K.P's mother's house. K.P. took the kids home so that Palmer could visit them.
When Palmer arrived at K.P.'s he "had an attitude" about the custody arrangements. He visited the kids for a little over an hour. K.P. and Palmer argued about putting their daughter to bed. Their argument escalated and K.P. called the police. Palmer persuaded K.P. to tell the police everything was okay, because he did not want to be arrested on an outstanding warrant.
After the police left, Palmer refused to leave. K.P. sat on the couch in the living room and Palmer sat in front of her on his knees. He rubbed her legs and told her that he wanted to reconcile. Palmer followed K.P. and continued to rub her legs as she moved away. K.P. repeatedly asked Palmer to stop and when he refused, she got up, opened the door, and asked him to leave.
Palmer slammed the door, grabbed K.P. by the hair, and started to choke her. He told her that he was going to count
«1» 69 Wn. App. 183, 847 P.2d 956 (1993).
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backwards from five, and at zero she had better do what he wanted or there was going to be a problem. Palmer dragged K.P. to the couch by her hair, still choking her. Palmer unbuttoned K.P.'s jeans and struggled with her to take them off. K.P. ran to the door and yelled for help. Palmer slammed the door and led K.E back to the couch, where the struggle continued. Palmer ripped K.P's underwear off and pried her legs open. K.P. tried to get away again, and Palmer choked and slammed her. K.P. relented when Palmer began counting down from five again.
Against K.P.'s will, Palmer forced her legs apart and started to perform oral sex on her. K.P continued asking him to stop while Palmer continued the contact.
Palmer then took off his clothes and told K.P. to straddle him. K.P. was crying and told Palmer that she did not want to do that. Palmer began to count down and when K.P. did not move, he grabbed her by the hair, choked her and then he continued to ask K.R if she "was going to do what he wanted [her] to do." Out of fear, K.P. straddled Palmer for "maybe ten minutes" while Palmer vaginally raped her. Twice more, Palmer moved K.P into a different position and reinserted his penis, finally ejaculating.
Palmer left the house around midnight and K.E called her friend, who suggested she call a rape crisis line. After talking with the crisis line, she called the police. Palmer was convicted of one count for the oral/genital rape, and a second count for the penile/vaginal rapes.
II
[1] RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) counts two or more current crimes as the same crime for calculating a convicted defendant's offender score. The "same criminal conduct" requires that the crimes (1) had the same objective criminal intent, (2) were committed at the same time and place, and (3) involved the same victim.«2» RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) is to be
«2» RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a); Walden, 69 Wn. App. at 187-88.
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construed narrowly.«3»
[2, 3] We review lower court decisions in this context for abuse of discretion or misapplication of the law.«4» Palmer's offenses involved the same victim and occurred at the same place. The State argues that they occurred at distinctly different times. We disagree. The few minutes between the rapes is sufficiently close so that it satisfies the RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) time prong, because in this time Palmer's activity exclusively involved threats and use of force in preparation for the penile/vaginal rape which immediately followed the oral rape.
[4] The main question presented is whether the intent was the same. In reviewing the intent prong, "[t]he relevant inquiry is 'the extent to which the criminal intent, objectively viewed, changed from one crime to the next. . . .' "«5» The State relies on State v. Grantham to support its argument that because the two rapes were relatively close in time, but not simultaneous, there were two different intents.«6» Grantham, which affirmed a trial court's determination that two rapes were not the same criminal conduct for sentencing purposes, is factually distinguishable from the present case. In Grantham, the evidence supported a conclusion that the criminal episode had ended with the first rape, only to reoccur when a new argument erupted. In contrast, Palmer's violence towards K.P. was continuous and patterned. Palmer did not do anything
«3» State v. Porter, 133 Wn.2d 177, 181, 942 P.2d 974 (1997) ("Although the statute is generally construed narrowly to disallow most claims that multiple offenses constitute the same criminal act, there is one clear category of cases where two crimes will encompass the same criminal conduct-'the repeated commission of the same crime against the same victim over a short period of time.'" (emphasis in original.)); State v. Flake, 76 Wn. App. 174, 180, 883 P.2d 341 (1994).
«4» Walden, 69 Wn. App. at 188, (citing State v. Bums, 114 Wn.2d 314, 317, 788 P.2d 531 (1990)); State v. Steams, 61 Wn. App. 224, 233, 810 P.2d 41, review denied, 117 Wn.2d 1012, 816 P.2d 1225 (1991). See also In re Personal Restraint of Vehlewald, 92 Wn. App. 197, 963 P.2d 90;i (1998).
«5» State v. Williams, 135 Wn.2d 365, 368, 957 P.2d 216 (1998), (citing State v. Vike, 125 Wn.2d 407, 411, 885 P.2d 824 (1994)).
«6» 84 Wn. App 854, 932 P.2d 657 (1997).
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95 Wn. App. 192
between the oral/genital rape and the first genital/genital rape that was not related to raping K.P.
The present case is more factually similar to Walden.«7» Walden was convicted of a first rape that involved oral/ genital contact and a second attempted rape that involved anal penetration.«8» The two rapes were in short succession.«9» In determining whether Walden qualified for the RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) same criminal conduct offender score calculation, we held that the underlying conduct of both charges involved the same objective criminal intent of sexual intercourse.«10»
The fact that Palmer renewed his threats between the two rapes, and had an opportunity to reflect does not alter our analysis. Palmer's threats and use of violence were no different between the oral/genital rape and the various genital/genital rapes throughout the evening. The facts do not support a conclusion that his objective criminal intent changed.
For these reasons, the two rapes should have been counted as the same criminal conduct for purposes of RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a). Accordingly, we hereby reverse and remand for resentencing.
KENNEDY, C.J., and COLEMAN, J., concur.
«7» Walden, 69 Wn. App. 183.
«8» Id. at 184.
«9» Id. at 188.
«10» Id.