THE CITY OF WALLA WALLA, Petitioner, v. JAMIE ASHBY, Respondent.
[1] Criminal Law - Punishment - Restitution - Purposes. The purposes of restitution are to compensate the victim, punish or rehabilitate the criminal, and deter future crime.
[2] Criminal Law - Punishment - Probation and Parole - Restitution - Causal Relationship - Necessity. A court's discretion to order restitution as a condition of probation under RCW 9.95.210(2) is limited by the requirement that there must be a causal relationship between the crime charged and the injuries for which restitution is ordered.
[3] Automobiles - Hit and Run - Restitution - Damage to Vehicle - Causal Connection. An offender convicted of hit and run of a motor vehicle may not be required to make restitution under RCW 9.95.210(2) for damage to the vehicle; the relationship between the offense (leaving the scene after a collision) and damage to the vehicle is insufficient to establish a causal nexus for purposes of imposing restitution.
[4] Courts - Stare Decisis - Supreme Court Holding - Effect. A principle of law recognized by the Supreme Court is binding upon the Court of Appeals until it is decisively rejected by the Supreme Court.
[5] Criminal Law - Punishment - Restitution - Causal Relationship - Foreseeable Damages. Restitution is appropriate under RCW 9.95.210(2) if the ultimate damages were foreseeable to the defendant and causally connected to the crime of which the defendant has been convicted. The causal nexus is satisfied by a reasonable or rational connection between the crime and the damages; proximate cause is not required. [Dictum.]
Nature of Action: Prosecution for driving a motor vehicle with a suspended license and hit-and-run of an unattended vehicle.
District Court: The Walla Walla County District Court, No. C300189, Jerry A. Votendahl, J., on January 18, 1996, entered a judgment on pleas of guilty to both offenses and ordered the defendant to pay $500 restitution to the victim as a condition of probation.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Walla Walla County, No. 96-1-00054-7, Yancey Reser, J., on November
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27, 1996, reversed the restitution order and remanded the case to the trial court to determine if the victim's damages were proximately caused by the defendant's crimes,
Court of Appeals: Holding that restitution for property damage to the victim's vehicle could not be ordered on the basis of the crime of hit and run, the court affirms the decision of the Superior Court reversing the restitution order and reverses the decision of the Superior Court remanding the case for a determination of proximate cause.
Timothy J. Donaldson, City Attorney, for petitioner.
Jeffrey J. Hatch of McAdams, Ponti & Wernette, P.S., for respondent.
Restitution and Implied Contracts.
BROWN, J. - Today we decide whether the superior court erred when reversing a municipal court's restitution order and remanding for a cause hearing in Jamie Ashby's hit-and-run conviction under RCW 46.52.010. We affirm the superior court's order reversing the municipal court's restitution order because our case law recognizes neither legal causation to recover damage to the vehicle struck, nor a basis to order the payment as a condition of probation under RCW 9.95.210. These issues were decided in State v. Hartwell, 38 Wn. App. 135, 138, 684 P.2d 778 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v. Krall, 125 Wn.2d 146, 881 P.2d 1040 (1994). We reverse the superior court's order remanding for a cause hearing, because the Hartwell rationale views the striking of the hit vehicle as merely a predicate fact to leaving the scene. Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
FACTS
On November 1, 1995, Jamie Ashby rear-ended a vehicle,
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injuring the individual inside. She left the scene of the accident without rendering aid or providing information. At the time, Ms. Ashby was driving with a suspended license.
Ms. Ashby was charged with driving a motor vehicle while having a suspended license and failing to stop after colliding with an occupied vehicle. In December, Ms. Ashby pleaded guilty to the suspended license charge and a month later pleaded guilty to the lesser offense of failing to stop after a collision with an unoccupied vehicle, a misdemeanor. The municipal court judge ordered Ms. Ashby to pay $500 (the deductible) restitution to the victim as a condition of her probation, despite Ms. Ashby's argument restitution was not proper because there was no connection between the crime and the victim's injuries as required by case law. The judge rejected this reasoning.
Ms. Ashby then appealed the judge's restitution order to the superior court. There, the court ruled restitution appropriate only where the precise crime charged proximately caused the injury and reversed. However, the court remanded for a proximate cause hearing permitting restitution to be reinstated if proximately caused by the violation of the crime. The City of Walla Walla then petitioned for and was granted discretionary review of both parts of the trial judge's order. On appeal, Ms. Ashby claims she was not advised restitution was a direct consequence of her plea. The City claims that Ms. Ashby never raised this issue before or requested a restitution hearing.
ANALYSIS
The dispositive issue is whether the trial court erred when reversing the municipal court's restitution order and requiring a proximate cause hearing.
A court has discretion to order restitution whenever an offender is convicted of an offense resulting in injury to any person or damage to any property. RCW 9.94A.142. Furthermore, a court may order restitution as a condition of probation "to any person or persons who may have
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suffered loss or damage by reason of the commission of the crime in question . . . ." RCW 9.95.210(2).
[1, 2] The purpose of restitution is to compensate the victim, punish or rehabilitate the criminal and deter future crime. Scott Peterson, Court-Ordered Criminal Restitution in Washington, 62 WASH. L. REV. 357 (1987). The court is given wide discretion in ordering restitution. See RCW 9.92, 9A.20.030(1), 9.94A.140(2), 9.95.210(2). However, there must be a sufficient relationship between the crime charged and the injuries for which restitution is ordered. State v. Tetters, 81 Wn. App. 478, 480, 914 P.2d 784 (1996); Hartwell, 38 Wn. App. at 138.
In Hartwell, the case relied upon in the municipal court by Ms. Ashby, Division One addressed the same issue before this court: whether restitution is proper when the crime is hit-and-run. There, Mr. Hartwell was involved in an accident where three people were seriously injured. He left the scene of the accident without stopping to render aid or leave information. Later, he was apprehended and charged with hit-and-run of an occupied vehicle. His sentence was suspended conditioned on his fulfilling an order of restitution. Hartwell, 38 Wn. App. at 136. The court stated that because the injuries took place before the actual crime happened (i.e., leaving the scene), there was not a sufficient relationship between the crime and the injuries. Id. at 140. The court reasoned that if Mr. Hartwell chose to stay at the scene of the accident and not committed the crime of leaving, the injuries would have been the same. It then reasoned the crime could not then be said to have caused the injuries. Id. The court concluded restitution in such circumstances is inappropriate. Id. at 141. The court's decision did, however, seem to leave open restitution for any increased investigation expenses caused by an investigation to identify the fleeing driver.
California district courts reflected the general division of thought among jurisdictions on the issue of restitution and hit-and-run until 1995 when the California Supreme Court decided People v. Carbajal, 10 Cal. 4th 1114, 899 P.2d 67
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(1995). In Carbajal, the court held it was within a trial court's discretion in a hit-and-run case to condition probation on payment of restitution. Carbajal, 899 P.2d at 74. The California Supreme Court reasoned that restitution is sufficiently related to the crime of leaving the scene of the accident because the leaving forces the victim to bear the economic loss of the accident, therefore the leaving is actually creating an injury. Id. at 72. The court also discussed the importance of restitution's deterrent effect on hit-and-run offenders by forcing the criminal to confront the harm his/her actions have caused. Id. at 73.
[3] Here no finding after hearing by the municipal court can be found demonstrating Ms. Ashby's conduct caused the damage. When challenged with Hartwell, the municipal court justified the result by emphasizing the amount ordered was a condition of probation. RCW 9.95.210. Hartwell squarely rejected the probation condition argument and any causal relationship, as well as the damage to the struck vehicle. Hartwell has been followed uniformly by the courts of our jurisdiction since 1984 whenever confronted with similar restitution claims. We conclude our jurisdiction does not recognize a sufficient relationship exists between the act of striking another vehicle and leaving the scene to establish the necessary causation nexus for restitution. The City does not dispute the precedential nature of Hartwell, however, urges us to recognize its flawed reasoning, reject it, and establish an element-driven test for restitution.
[4] Even though we recognize the validity of the City's well-made argument that we should view the elements of "hit-and-run" to be interrelated and interdependent and reject the completed offense analysis of Hartwell, we are constrained to follow Hartwell until directed otherwise by our Supreme Court. Hartwell may not reason with pure deductive logic that the crux of this offense is simply leaving the scene. The Hartwell completed-offense rationale attributes mere predicate fact status to the hitting of another vehicle and emphasizes the leaving as the core of the
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offense. The City fails to recognize, however, the concept is also recognized by our Supreme Court. "Under RCW 46.52.010 or .020, one must be involved in a collision or an accident resulting in property damage or bodily injury as a predicate to being convicted of hit-and-run." State v. Johnson, 119 Wn.2d 167, 175, 829 P.2d 1082 (1992) (emphasis added). Although we may be in a position to reject the reasoning of another Division of this court, until decisively rejected by our Supreme Court, we will reach similar results when presented with similar facts. Accordingly, we decide the trial court did not err when reversing the municipal court's order of restitution.
We recognize the compelling argument of the City that this result leads to the consequent inability of trial courts to access restitution under these factual circumstances as a flexible tool to help accomplish the goals of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, RCW 9.94A. This result may also, as suggested by the City, impair the trial court's ability to meet the criminal justice goals of deterrence, punishment, and rehabilitation, and relegate victims in the struck vehicle to a reduced opportunity for reparation from the fleeing driver.
[5] Because we reject restitution damage related to the struck vehicle, a causation hearing is unnecessary. We note, however, the trial court incorrectly added the word "proximate" to the causation required for restitution. Foreseeable cause is the required relationship required between damage and restitution in a criminal case. "Restitution is appropriate if the ultimate damages are foreseeable to the defendant and the trial court finds a causal connection between the crime proved and the injuries for which compensation is made." State v. Clapp, 67 Wn. App. 263, 276, 834 P.2d 1101 (1992), review denied, 121 Wn.2d 1020 (1993) (citing Hartwell, 38 Wn. App. at 139)). This nexus requirement is simply a reasonable or rational connection between the damage and the precise crime charged, not a proximate cause requirement.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the superior court's decision reversing the
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restitution award and reverse the the requirement for a cause hearing. Accordingly, we do not reach Ms. Ashby's additional issues raised for the first time on appeal related to the municipal court's claimed failure to advise her that restitution was a direct consequence of her plea. In summary, Hartwell recognizes neither legal cause to recover damage to the vehicle struck, nor a basis to order restitution as a condition of probation under RCW 9.95.210. Until Hartwell's reasoning is specifically overruled, it should have been recognized as precedent by the district and the superior court.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
KURTZ, A.C.J., and KATO, J., concur.