CAROLINA PEREZ, ET AL., as Guardians, Appellants, v. MID-CENTURY INSURANCE COMPANY, Respondent.
[1] Judgment - Summary Judgment - Review - Role of Appellate Court. An appellate court reviews a summary judgment by engaging in the same inquiry as the trial court.
[2] Arbitration - Public Policy - In General. There is a strong public policy favoring arbitration of disputes.
[3] Arbitration - Purpose - Avoiding Litigation. The purpose of
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arbitration is to avoid the formality, expense, and delay usually associated with a trial.
[4] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - In General. Arbitration proceedings may be casually structured; the goals of the arbitration process would not be served if arbitrators were held to the same standard as judges.
[5] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - Tripartite Panel - Relationship With Party - Effect. Under the tripartite process of arbitration, where each party nominates one arbitrator and the third arbitrator is selected by the two nominated arbitrators, it is acknowledged that the party arbitrators are chosen for their expertise and may not be completely neutral.
[6] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - Tripartite Panel - Form Contract. A form contract providing for the arbitration of disputes by a tripartite panel of arbitrators, where each party nominates one arbitrator and the third arbitrator is selected by the two nominated arbitrators, is not inherently unfair.
[7] Arbitration - Arbitrator -- Appearance of Fairness - Tripartite Panel - Relationship With Party - Duty To Disclose. Under the tripartite process of arbitration, where each party nominates one arbitrator and the third arbitrator is selected by the two nominated arbitrators, an arbitrator nominee does not have a duty to disclose a prior or ongoing relationship with a party nominator unless an inference of bias or absence of impartiality would be reasonable or it is reasonable for the nominee to assume that the other parties to the arbitration have knowledge of the relationship.
[8] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - Tripartite Panel - Relationship With Party - Disqualification - Prearbitration Judicial Intervention. A court may not intervene in prearbitration proceedings to disqualify a party nominee to a tripartite arbitration panel unless there is substantial evidence that the nominee is dishonest or significantly financially indebted to the nominator.
[9] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - Duty To Disclose - Effect. The existence of a relationship or circumstance which triggers a duty to disclose by an arbitrator does not constitute automatic grounds for that arbitrator's disqualification.
[10] Arbitration - Arbitrator - Appearance of Fairness - Duty To Disclose - Purpose. The purpose of imposing a duty to disclose on arbitrators is to make parties aware of relationships rather than to serve as a basis for intervention by courts.
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Nature of Action: Insureds who had demanded arbitration of their claim for underinsured motorist coverage pursuant to the terms of their insurance contract sought a declaration disqualifying an arbitrator selected by their insurer from participation on the tripartite arbitration panel. The insureds also sought an order to compel the insurer to name an impartial and unbiased person as its nominee to the panel.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Yakima County, No. 94-2-02407-7, Stephen M. Brown, J., on April 14, 1995, entered a summary judgment in favor of the insurer and ordered the arbitration to proceed.
Court of Appeals: Holding that intervention in the prearbitration process to disqualify an arbitrator nominated by the insurer to serve on a tripartite arbitration panel was not warranted where the insurer had no duty to disclose an ongoing professional relationship with the nominee and that the insureds failed to produce substantial evidence indicating the nominee was dishonest or significantly financially indebted to the insurer, the court affirms the judgment.
David A. Thompson and Moore & Thompson, for appellants.
Walter G. Meyer, Jr., Donald A. Treat, and Meyer, Fluegge & Tenney, for respondent.
KURTZ, J. - Summary judgment was entered in favor of Mid-Century Insurance Company and against the Perez family denying their request for declaratory and equitable relief disqualifying Yakima attorney David A. Thorner as an arbitrator in an underlying uninsured motorist (UIM) arbitration. The Perez family objects to Mr. Thorner's
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participation as Mid-Century's party arbitrator on a tripartite arbitration panel, arguing that Mr. Thorner's close and continuing relationship with Mid-Century creates an inference of partiality. We affirm the order of the trial court.
FACTS
Three-year-old Paul Perez was injured when a pickup truck backed into him and broke his leg. The child's medical expenses were covered by the tort-feasor's insurance policy and his parents' policy with Mid-Century. In addition, the tort-feasor's insurer paid its full limits of liability coverage. Paul's parents, Carolina and Pedro Perez, then asserted a UIM claim on behalf of their son. The parties were unable to agree on the amount of the $25,000 UIM limits needed to compensate Paul for his injuries. The Perez family demanded arbitration pursuant to the terms of their policy with Mid-Century.
The arbitration clause in the policy reads as follows:
If an Insured person and we do not agree (1) that the person is legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle, or (2) as to the amount of payment under this Part, either that person or we may demand that the issue be determined by arbitration.
In that event, the Insured person will select an arbitrator and we will select another. The two arbitrators will select a third. If they cannot agree on the third arbitrator within 30 days, the judge of a court having jurisdiction will appoint the third arbitrator. The Insured person will pay the arbitrator selected by that person. We will pay the arbitrator we select. The expense of the third arbitrator and all other expenses of arbitration will be shared equally.
Arbitration will take place in the county where the Insured person lives. Local court rules governing procedures and evidence will apply. The decision in writing of any two arbitrators will be binding subject to the terms of this insurance.
Pursuant to these provisions, the Perezes' attorney
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wrote to the senior claims representative for Mid-Century and nominated Yakima attorney Rodney K. Nelson as their arbitrator-nominee. In the same letter Perezes attorney acknowledged his assumption that Mid-Century would choose either Walter G. Meyer or Mr. Thorner as its nominee. Mr. Meyer subsequently appeared as counsel of record for Mid-Century and nominated Mr. Thorner as Mid-Century's nominee to the arbitration panel.
Carolina and Pedro Perez subsequently brought action against Mid-Century, asking the court to declare their respective rights under the policy and to compel Mid-Century to name an impartial and unbiased person as its nominee to the UIM panel. The Perez family objected to Mr. Thorner's participation on the arbitration panel, contending his ongoing business and legal relationship with Mid-Century created the inference of partiality. The Perezes contend Mr. Thorner might be partial while serving on the panel because he would be motivated to keep any award small in an effort to retain his ongoing professional relationship with Mid-Century.
The Perezes submitted the affidavit and deposition testimony of Yakima attorneys Wiley Hurst and Richard Johnson to support their position. Both attorneys testified that most of the defense work in the Yakima area for Mid-Century Insurance had been referred to either Mr. Meyer or to Mr. Thorner. If one of these attorneys was chosen as defense counsel in a case, that attorney would then appoint the other as the party arbitrator to the tripartite panel. The experience of Mr. Hurst was that the attorney appointed by the insurer tended to act as an advocate for the insurer while serving as an arbitrator on the panel. Mr. Hurst testified he has never taken action to set aside an award or attempt to disqualify Mr. Thorner from serving as an arbitrator. Mr. Johnson testified Mr. Thorner never acted unfairly as an arbitrator. The arbitration panel made a unanimous award each time Mr. Johnson served on a panel with Mr. Thorner.
Mid-Century, moved for summary judgment, requesting
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the arbitration proceed pursuant to RCW 7.04 and alleging that neither the contract nor RCW 7.04 contained any provisions for the removal of an arbitrator before the time the award is made. The Perezes also moved for summary judgment, alleging the court must dismiss Mr. Thorner as a matter of law. The trial court granted Mid-Century's motion for summary judgment and ordered the arbitration proceed with Mr. Nelson and Mr. Thorner serving on the arbitration panel along with a third arbitrator to be chosen by Mr. Nelson and Mr. Thorner. The Perezes' motion for summary judgment was denied. The Perezes appealed, assigning error to the court's refusal to find Mr. Thorner ineligible for service as an arbitrator. Mid-Century cross-appealed, arguing that if the appearance of fairness doctrine disqualified Mr. Thorner, the trial court erred in not also dismissing Mr. Nelson, the Perezes' arbitrator-nominee.
ANALYSIS
The sole issue in this case is whether a court may intervene in the prearbitration process to disqualify an arbitrator-nominee to a tripartite panel where one party alleges that the nominee is partial in that the nominee has an ongoing professional relationship with the party that made the appointment.
[1] The court engages in the same inquiry as the trial court when reviewing an order granting summary judgment. Meyers Way Deu. Ltd. Partnership v. University Sav. Bank, 80 Wn. App. 655, 665, 910 P.2d 1308, review denied, 130 Wn.2d 1015 (1996). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record before the court shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ruff v. County of King, 125 Wn.2d 697, 703, 887 P.2d 886 (1995).
[2-4] There is a strong public policy in Washington State favoring arbitration of disputes. Munsey v. Walla Walla College, 80 Wn. App. 92, 94, 906 P.2d 988 (1995). The
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purpose of arbitration is to avoid the formalities, the expense, and the delays of the court system. Baniett v. Hicks, 119 Wn.2d 151, 160, 829 P.2d 1087 (1992). Arbitration proceedings may be casually structured. Barnett, 119 Wn.2d at 155. The goals of the arbitration process would not be served if arbitrators and judges were held to the same high standard. Schreifels v. Safeco Co., 45 Wn. App. 442, 449 n.3, 725 P.2d 1022 (1986).
[5-10] The arbitration process set forth in the insurance contract is a tripartite process where each party designates one arbitrator, and these two party arbitrators then agree on a third arbitrator who is presumably neutral. Any two arbitrators must agree before an award is made. It is widely acknowledged that the party arbitrators serving on a tripartite panel may not be completely neutral. The benefit to the parties is that their nominees are frequently experts in the area, and they are chosen as arbitrators precisely because of their involvement and expertise. Schreifels, 45 Wn. App. at 449 n.3; Astoria Med. Group v. Health Ins. Plan, 11 N.Y.2d 128, 138, 182 N.E.2d 85, 227 N.Y.S.2d 401 (1962). We are not persuaded by the Perezes' argument that UIM claimants are entitled to three impartial arbitrators on a UIM tripartite panel or that the tripartite process is somehow unfair. What the Perezes view as impermissible partiality is instead the strength of the tripartite process. We find nothing inherently unfair about the selection process for tripartite panels or the tripartite process itself, even where the arbitration clause providing for the tripartite panel is included in a form contract.
The Perezes contend that the courts have the power to disqualify an arbitrator during the prearbitration or arbitration stage of the proceedings. To support this position, the Perezes urge us to adopt a full disclosure requirement for arbitrators and would have the courts disqualify any arbitrator who had a disclosure to make.
Two Washington cases have discussed disclosure requirements for arbitrators; both of these cases have addressed
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the disclosure issue after the arbitration award had been made. Schreifels, 45 Wn. App. 442; St. Paul Ins. Co. v. Lusis, 6 Wn. App. 205, 492 P.2d 575, 56 A.L.R.3d 687 (1971), review denied, 80 Wn.2d 1009 (1972). These cases demonstrate that Washington courts have rejected the adoption of a full disclosure requirement. The Lusis court held that tin arbitrator's failure to disclose he and one of the insured's counsel were on the Board of Governors of the Washington State Trial Lawyers Association did not constitute sufficient grounds to vacate the arbitrator's award. The sole arbitrator in Lusis had been chosen by the parties to resolve a claim under UIM coverage. The Lusis court concluded that not every relationship was disclosable and found a general duty to disclose a relationship or circumstance where it was reasonable to infer the presence of bias or absence of impartiality. A different test was established where there was public knowledge of the circumstance or relationship. The question when there was a substantial degree of notoriety was whether or not it would be unreasonable for the arbitrator to assume the relationship was known to the parties to the arbitration. Lusis, 6 Wn. App. at 214.
In Schreifels, UIM claimants contended an arbitration award was tainted because one of the arbitrators and his law firm had an ongoing professional relationship with two of the parties to the arbitration. Applying the second test in Lusis, the Schreifels' court found no duty to disclose where the facts showed it was reasonable for the challenged party arbitrator to assume the claimants and their counsel knew of his relationship to Safeco and Transamerica.
Washington courts are reluctant to intervene in the arbitration process, deferring with good reason to public policy and statutory mandate. Munsey, 80 Wn. App. at 94-95. The holdings in Schreifels and Lusis also indicate the Washington courts will take a fairly narrow approach when construing RCW 7.04 and intervening in the arbitration process. We agree that the duty to disclose established
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in the case law might give rise to a situation where a court could be compelled to disqualify an arbitrator-nominee when presented with substantial evidence of dishonesty or significant financial indebtedness. The Perezes are mistaken in their belief that this duty to disclose compels the court to disqualify any arbitrator who is required to make a disclosure. In most circumstances, the duty to disclose serves its intended purpose by reminding the parties to be aware of any relationships they might have that could affect their judgment as an arbitrator. Thus, the act of disclosure serves as a cure rather than an excuse for intervention by the courts.
The Perezes have failed to show any evidence to justify the disqualification of Mr. Thorner as an arbitrator in the underlying tripartite arbitration proceeding. The Perezes do not submit any evidence showing Mr. Thorner to be corrupt, dishonest, or financially indebted to Mid-Century. The Perezes have alleged only an inference of partiality and the facts indicate their attorney had actual knowledge of the relationship between Mr. Thorner and Mid-Century. The facts are insufficient to trigger a duty to disclose under the standard applied in Schreifels and insufficient to serve as a basis to prompt this or any court to intervene in the arbitration process.
HOLDING
We affirm the summary judgment entered in favor of Mid-Century Insurance Company and against the Perez family denying their request for declaratory and equitable relief disqualifying Mr. Thorner as an arbitrator in the underlying UIM arbitration. In view of this ruling, there is no need to consider the cross-appeal.
SCHULTHEIS, A.C.J., and MUNSON, J. Pro Tem., concur.
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