RICHARD PEACOCK, Appellant, v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMMISSION, Respondent.
[1] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Appellate Review - Record - Agency Record, An appellate court reviewing an administrative decision in an adjudicative proceeding applies the standards of the Administrative Procedure Act (RCW 34.05) directly to the record that was before the administrative decisionmaker.
[2] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Appellate Review - Issues of Law. Issues of law in administrative proceedings are reviewed under the error of law standard. Though the reviewing court may substitute its judgment for that of the administrative decisionmaker, substantial weight is accorded to the administrative decisionmaker's interpretation of the law that it administers.
[3] Statutes - Construction - Administrative Construction -
Dec. 1996 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N 283
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
Deference to Agency - Agency Expertise. Substantial weight is accorded to the construction of statutory words, phrases, and legislative intent made by an administrative agency having expertise and quasi-judicial functions in a specialized field of law.
[4] Statutes - Construction - Legislative Intent - Statutory Language - In General. A court's primary duty in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent as manifested by the statute's express language.
[5] Statutes - Construction - Legislative Intent - Considered as a Whole. The Legislature's intent in enacting a statute is derived from the context of the statute as a whole.
[6] Open Government - Elections - Fair Campaign Practices Act - Purpose. The purpose of the Fair Campaign Practices Act (RCW 42.17) is to inform the public and its elected representatives about sponsors of campaigns and lobbying efforts that seek to affect, directly or indirectly, governmental decisionmaking.
[7] Statutes - Construction - Meaning of Words - Statutory Definition - Effect. The meaning of a word in a statute is controlled by an applicable statutory definition.
[8] Open Government - Elections - Fair Campaign Practices Act - "Grass Roots Lobbying Campaign" - Influencing Legislation - "Legislation" - What Constitutes. For purposes of RCW 42.17.200(1), which provides that a grass roots lobbying campaign that is subject to public disclosure registration and reporting requirements is a program that is intended primarily to influence legislation, "legislation" refers to any matter that may be the subject of present or future action by either house of the Legislature or any committee thereof. The term is not limited to pending or proposed bills.
[9] Statutes - Construction - Meaning of Words - Ordinary Meaning - Resort to Dictionary. An unambiguous statutory term that is undefined by the statute is given its plain and ordinary dictionary meaning.
[10] Open Government - Elections - Fair Campaign Practices Act - "Grass Roots Lobbying Campaign" - Influencing Legislation - "Influencing" - What Constitutes. For purposes of RCW 42.17.200(1), which provides that a grass roots lobbying campaign subject to public disclosure registration and reporting requirements is a program that is intended primarily to influence legislation, "influence" means to prompt or affect the condition or development of legislation.
Nature of Action: A promoter of an effort to form a new county out of a portion of an existing county sought
284 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N Dec. 1996
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
judicial review of an administrative decision that the organization of which he was the vice-president was conducting a "grass roots lobbying campaign" subject to public disclosure registration and reporting requirements.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Thurston County, No. 94-2-01538-6, Wm. Thomas McPhee, J., on May 19, 1995, entered a judgment in favor of the State.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the organization's efforts to distribute informational brochures and gather signatures was intended primarily to influence legislation and, as such, was a "grass roots lobbying campaign" that was subject to registration and reporting requirements, the court affirms the judgment.
Rhys A. Sterling, for appellant.
Christine O. Gregoire, Attorney General, and S. Kim O'Neal, Assistant, for respondent.
BRIDGEWATER, J. - Richard Peacock appeals from a superior court decision affirming the Public Disclosure Commission's (PDC) declaratory order that his Cedar County Committee is a "grass roots lobbying campaign" that must comply with the PDC's registration and reporting requirements. We hold that the Committee's effort to distribute informational brochures and to gather signatures to create a new county from a part of King County is intended primarily to influence legislation and, as such, is a "grass roots lobbying campaign" subject to the PDC's disclosure requirements. We affirm.
Richard Peacock is vice-president of the Cedar County Committee, a nonprofit corporation formed for the purpose of creating a new county, Cedar County, out of a portion
Dec. 1996 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N 285
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
of King County. In order to reach this goal, the Committee began a petition drive to gather signatures from registered voters in the subject area.«1» If enough signatures are obtained, the Committee will present the signed petitions to the Secretary of State, who will in turn present them to the Legislature to draft the legislation that will create the new county.
In February 1994, the Public Disclosure Commission notified the Committee that its effort to promote the creation of a new county was a "grass roots lobbying campaign" under RCW 42.17.200, and that it was therefore required to register and report under chapter 42.17 RCW if it exceeded the monetary threshold set forth in that statute. That statute provides, in pertinent part, the following:
(1) Any person who has made expenditures, not reported by a registered lobbyist under RCW 42.17.170 or by a candidate or political committee under RCW 42.17.065 or 42.17.080, exceeding five hundred dollars in the aggregate within any three-month period or exceeding two hundred dollars in the aggregate within any one-month period in presenting a program addressed to the public, a substantial portion of which is intended, designed, or calculated primarily to influence legislation shall be required to register and report, as provided in subsection (2) of this section, as a sponsor of a grass roots lobbying campaign.
RCW 42.17.200 (emphasis added).
On appeal, Peacock challenges the PDC's interpretation and application of that statute. He contends that his Committee is not a grass roots lobbying campaign because its efforts are not addressed to the public and are not intended primarily to influence legislation. The formation of a new county, he argues, is a ministerial task triggered by the requisite number of signatures, a process without legislative discretion and therefore incapable of being influenced.
«1» The petition that citizens were asked to sign states at the top that it is "[f]or submission to the Legislature of the State of Washington President, State Senate and Speaker, House of Representatives."
286 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N Dec. 1996
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
He also argues that his Committee cannot be impacting legislation because there is no proposed or pending legislation that specifically regards the new county.
[1-3] When reviewing agency orders in adjudicative proceedings, the appellate court applies the standards of the Washington Administrative Procedure Act directly to the record that was before the agency.«2» "On issues of law, we apply the error of law standard of review, permitting us to substitute our judgment for that of the administrative body; however, we accord substantial weight to the agency's view of the law it administers."«3» When the agency has expertise in a specialized field of law and has quasijudicial functions in that field, we accord substantial weight to its construction of statutory words, phrases and legislative intent.«4» The party asserting that an agency's order is invalid has the burden of demonstrating its invalidity.«5» Only if this court determines that the appellant has been substantially prejudiced by the agency's action may we grant relief.«6»
[4-6] Our primary objective in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent as manifested in the statute's express language.«7» Legislative
«2» Tapper v. State Employment Sec. Dep't, 122 Wn.2d 397, 402-03, 858 P.2d 494 (1993), (citing Macey v. Department of Employment Sec., 110 Wn.2d 308, 312, 752 P.2d 372 (1988) (remaining citations omitted)).
«3» Valentine v. Department of Licensing, 77 Wn. App. 838, 844, 894 P.2d 1352, review denied, 127 Wn.2d 1020 (1995) (citing Franklin County Sheriff's Office v. Sellers, 97 Wn.2d 317, 326, 646 P.2d 113 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1106 (1983)).
«4» Overton v. Washington State Econ. Assistance Auth., 96 Wn.2d 552, 555, 637 P.2d 652 (1981), (citing Norway Hill Preservation & Protection Ass'n v. King County Council, 87 Wn.2d 267, 552 P.2d 674 (1976); Short v. Clallam County, 22 Wn. App. 825, 693 P.2d 821 (1979)).
«5» RCW 34.06.670(1)(a).
«6» RCW 34.05.570(1)(d).
«7» Palmer v. Department of Revenue, 82 Wn. App. 367, 372, 917 P.2d 1120 (1996) (citing Martin v. Meier, 111 Wn.2d 471, 479, 760 P.2d 925 (1988)).
Dec. 1996 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N 287
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
intent is derived from the statutory context as a whole.«8» Accordingly, we interpret RCW 42.17.200 in light of that chapter's purpose, which is to inform the public and its elected representatives about "sponsors of campaigns and lobbying efforts which seek to affect, directly or indirectly, governmental decision making."«9» We also consider the Public Disclosure Act's declaration of policy, which states the following:
The provisions of this chapter shall be liberally construed to promote complete disclosure of all information respecting the financing of political campaigns and lobbying, and . . . full access to public records so as to assure continuing public confidence of fairness of elections and governmental processes, and so as to assure that the public interest will be fully protected.
RCW 42.17.010(11) (emphasis added).
The statute at issue, RCW 42.17.200, dictates that a person is a sponsor of a grass roots lobbying campaign if: (1) the program presented is addressed to the public, and (2) a substantial portion of the program is intended primarily to influence legislation.
I
PUBLIC
There is no question that Peacock's efforts are addressed to the public. In addition to gathering signatures, his Committee distributes brochures that solicit volunteer help and monetary contributions from the public.
II
LEGISLATION
Peacock asserts, however, that his petitioning efforts
«8» Hartman v. Washington State Game Comm'n, 85 Wn.2d 176, 179, 532 P.2d 614 (1975) (citing Amburn v. Daly, 81 Wn.2d 241, 501 P.2d 178 (1972)).
«9» Young Americans For Freedom, Inc. v. Gorton, 83 Wn.2d 728, 733, 522 P.2d 189 (1974); see also State v. (1972) Dan J. Evans Campaign Comm., 86 Wn.2d 503, 509, 546 P.2d 75 (1976).
288 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N Dec. 1996
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
are not an attempt to impact legislation because no legislation regarding the creation of Cedar County is pending or has been proposed. He cites Young Americans For Freedom, Inc. v. Gorton for the proposition that compliance with the PDC is required only if there is pending or proposed legislation. That case states the following:
Reporting would not be required when the subject campaign does not have as its objective the support or rejection of specific legislation2. Thus, no reporting is required of the YAF unless it seeks to affect the disposition of specific pending or proposed legislation.
2We use the term 'legislation' herein generically to also include pending or proposed rules, rates, standards or proposals.«10»
The YAF engaged in campaigns that encouraged members to contact their elected representatives. It also received general dues from its members. The Supreme Court concluded that, when the YAF spends money that it received from its members, it does not have to disclose the members who contributed those funds if the funds were general membership dues rather than funds that were earmarked for a specific campaign.
[7, 8] That case is distinguishable from the case at hand. As indicated by the footnote, the Supreme Court in that case was not called upon to interpret the meaning of the word "legislation" as it exists in RCW 42.17.200(1). Because that is our task, we must consider the word's full statutory meaning as set forth by the Legislature. The statutory definition of the term "legislation" refers not only to pending or proposed bills, but also to "any other matter that may be the subject of action by either house or any committee of the legislature."«11» That definition provides as follows:
"Legislation" means bills, resolutions, motions,
«10» Young Americans, 83 Wn.2d at 732 n.2.
«11» RCW 42.17.020(26).
Dec. 1996 PEACOCK v. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMM'N 289
84 Wn. App. 282, 928 P.2d 427
amendments, nominations, and other matters pending or proposed in either house of the state legislature, and includes any other matter that may be the subject of action by either house or any committee of the legislature and all bills and resolutions that, having passed both houses, are pending approval by the governor.«12»
Following the Legislature's broad definition,«13» we must conclude that the Cedar County Committee's petition-drive is directed at legislation. The Committee's hope is that its signed petitions will force the Legislature to create a new county. To do so, the Legislature will have to create and pass legislation that establishes the new county's physical boundaries and governmental structure. Because the matter of creating a new county will be the subject of future legislative action if the Committee is successful, the petition drive is directed at legislation.
III
INFLUENCE
Peacock next argues that the process of dividing a county is ministerial and does not involve any legislative discretion that might be subject to influence.
[9, 10] The word "influence" is not defined by the statute, by Administrative Code, or by opinion. Thus, absent ambiguity, this court gives the word its plain and ordinary meaning«14» and may refer to the dictionary definition.«15» According to the dictionary, to "influence" means "to have an effect on the condition or development of: determine
«12» RCW 42.17.020(26) (emphasis added).
«13» American Legion Post No. 32 v. City of Walla Walla, 116 Wn.2d 1, 8, 802 P.2d 784 (1991) (in construing a statute, the statutory definitions generally control).
«14» Palmer, 82 Wn. App. at 372 (citing Garrison v. Washington State Nursing Bd., 87 Wn. 2d 195, 196, 550 P.2d 7 (1976)).
«15» American Legion, 116 Wn.2d at 8 (citing State ex rel. Graham v. Northshore Sch. Dist. No. 417, 99 Wn.2d 232, 244, 662 P.2d 38 (1983)).
290 IN RE WEAVER Dec. 1996
84 Wn. App. 290, 929 P.2d 445
partially."«16» This broad definition is consistent with the Legislature's intent that we construe the provisions of the Public Disclosure Act broadly to promote complete disclosure of how lobbying campaigns are financed.«17»
The Committee's petition drive, which Peacock does not deny was undertaken solely to have an effect on the development of new legislation, is nothing if it is not an effort to influence legislation. Further, the question of influence is a matter of determining whether the Committee's efforts will prompt legislative action, a matter apart from the issue of whether the resulting legislative process will be ministerial and compulsory. Thus, we do not address the Committee's argument that Washington Constitution article XI, section 3 compels the legislature to act upon receiving the requisite number of signatures.«18»
We affirm.
SEINFELD, C.J., and ARMSTRONG, J., concur.
Review denied at 131 Wn.2d 1022 (1997).
«16» WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1160 (1969).
«17» RCW 42.17.010(10).
«18» CONST. art. XI, § 3 states in pertinent part the following:
"There shall be no territory stricken from any county unless a majority of voters living in such territory shall petition therefor and then only under such other conditions as may be prescribed by a general law applicable to the whole state."