THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. DAVID ALLEN MONSON, Petitioner.
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of DAVID MONSON, Petitioner.
[1] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Commencement of Period - Delay - Arraignment - Case Filed in District Court - Test. The rule that the 90-day time limit of CrR 3.3 for trying a defendant charged by an information filed in district court commences 14 days after the information is filed if, through no fault or connivance of the defendant, there has been a long and unnecessary delay in bringing the defendant before the court for a first appearance does not apply when (1) the defendant is amenable to process and the State has in good faith and with due diligence sought to bring the defendant before the court or (2) the defendant is not amenable to process and not in custody (in which case the State's good faith and due diligence are irrelevant).
[2] Extradition - Interstate Agreement on Detainers - Speedy Trial - Commencement of Period. Under the interstate agreement on detainers act (RCW 9.100), the time limit of CrR 3.3 for trying a defendant who is incarcerated in another jurisdiction does not commence until the defendant has given written notice to custodial officials of the defendant's desire for a timely disposition of the pending charge or the State has filed a detainer under the act.
[3] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Unavailability of Defendant - Out-of-State Residence. So long as an accused against whom an information has been filed is not in this state and not in the custody of another jurisdiction, the accused is not amenable to process for purposes of CrR 3.3 (the time for trial rule).
[4] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Commencement of Period - Delay - Arraignment - Good Faith and Due Diligence - Determination. Whether the State has acted in good faith and with due diligence in seeking to bring a person accused of a crime before a court for a first appearance depends upon the facts of each individual case.
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[5] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Commencement of Period - Delay - Arraignment - Good Faith and Due Diligence - Issuance of Identification Card. The fact that a person accused of a crime has been issued an identification card by a state agency does not necessarily indicate a lack of due diligence by the State to find and hale the person before a court.
[6] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Constitutional Right - Preservation for Review. A criminal defendant's allegation that the speedy trial right of the Sixth Amendment and CONST. art. I, § 22 has been violated is an issue of constitutional magnitude that may be considered for the first time on appeal under RAP 2.5(a).
[7] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Constitutional Right - Time Period. The Sixth Amendment and CONST. art. I, § 22 right to a speedy trial requires that a trial be conducted within a reasonable time, not a fixed time.
[8] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Constitutional Right - Balancing Test. Whether a delay in a criminal trial violates the defendant's Sixth Amendment and CONST. art. I, § 22 right to a speedy trial is determined by balancing the following factors: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) whether the defendant asserted the right to a speedy trial; and (4) any prejudice to the defendant.
[9] Criminal Law - Trial - Time of Trial - Constitutional Right - Prejudice - Effect. Prejudice is not necessarily the determinative factor in deciding whether a delay in a criminal trial violates the defendant's Sixth Amendment and CONST. art. I, § 22 right to a speedy trial.
[10] Criminal Law - Punishment - Probation and Parole - Duration - Tolling. A criminal offender's probationary period is tolled for so long as the offender has left this jurisdiction without permission and fails to report to a probation officer.
[11] Criminal Law - Punishment - Probation and Parole - Revocation - Timeliness - Detention for New Charge. A criminal offender is not prejudiced by having a probation revocation hearing delayed for such time as the offender is being detained on a current charge.
Nature of Action: Prosecutions for second degree rape. The charges were originally filed in district court in 1980 and 1981. Warrants were issued for the defendant's arrest. At or about the time the defendant was charged, he moved out of state. The State's efforts to find him were unsuccessful. The defendant returned in 1990, but he left
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again after nearly two years. In 1992 the defendant was detained by federal customs agents at the New York-Canada border on the outstanding warrants. He was released after a sheriffs department in this state advised the agents that it would not extradite him. In 1994, the defendant was extradited from New York. That same year, the State filed informations in superior court charging him with the rapes.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Spokane County, Nos. 79-1-00156-3, 94-1-01467-7, and 94-1-01468-5, Michael E. Donohue, J., on March 20, 1995, denied the defendant's motion to dismiss the prosecutions and ruled that the defendant's speedy trial right had not been violated. The defendant sought discretionary review of that decision and relief from personal restraint, alleging that he had been wrongfully held without bail for violation of his probation on a prior conviction.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the defendant was not amenable to process during the time he was out of state, that his trial date did not violate the time for trial rule, that his constitutional speedy trial right was not violated, that his probationary period was tolled while he was out of state, and that it was appropriate to delay the hearing on his probation revocation while being detained on the current criminal charges, the court affirms the decision of the trial court and denies the petition.
David A. Monson, pro se.
Paul J. Wasson, for petitioner.
James R. Sweetser, Prosecuting Attorney and Kevin M. Korsmo, Deputy, for respondent.
[As amended by order of the Court of Appeals March 18, 1997.]
SCHULTHEIS, J. - David Monson was extradited to
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Washington from New York State in 1994, 13 years after the second of two complaints were filed in Spokane County District Court charging him with second degree rape. He moved for dismissal of the two charges on the grounds his speedy trial rights had been violated. After the trial court denied the motions, this court granted discretionary review. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE
In July 1980 and again in March 1981, Mr. Monson was charged in district court with two separate counts of second degree rape.«1» RCW 9A.44.050(1)(a); Warrants were filed for both complaints in the intrastate and interstate police computer systems. At the time the first warrant was issued, Mr. Monson was on probation for a second degree assault conviction. His failure to comply with the probation conditions led to the January 1981 issuance of an additional warrant for parole violation. Due to the age of these complaints and warrants, the district court files have been destroyed.
Mr. Monson had quit his job at Kaiser Aluminum and moved to Montana by August 1980. During the next decade, he worked as a truck driver, ranch hand and construction worker, and lived in several states. After efforts to serve him in 1980 and 1981, little was done to find him until 1984-85, when Spokane police told his parents and other relatives about the warrants. From January 1990 until September 1992, he lived in Anacortes and Oak Harbor, Washington, and carried a Washington identification card. He moved to his father's New York State resort in September 1992. Later that month, he was detained by United States Customs agents at the Canada/New York border on the outstanding Spokane County warrants. At that time, a New York officer contacted the Spokane County Sheriff's Department and was told the
«1» The rapes, involving two victims, were alleged to have been committed on July 1, 1980, and August 17, 1980.
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department would not extradite. Mr. Monson was released from custody.
About 17 months later, in February 1994, a detective from Spokane contacted the New York police and informed them Washington was ready to extradite Mr. Monson. New York officers arrested him and he was extradited to Spokane. On August 15 and September 20, 1994, the State filed informations in Spokane County Superior Court charging Mr. Monson with the July and August 1980 second degree rapes and he was arraigned.«2» Subsequently, Mr. Monson moved for dismissal on the grounds his CrR 3.3 and constitutional speedy trial rights had been violated. He argued the speedy trial period should have begun running when he was detained in New York in 1992 and Washington refused to extradite him. The trial court denied the motion and ruled the speedy trial period was not triggered because Mr. Monson was not amenable to process while he was in New York.
Mr. Monson's motion for discretionary review was granted and the two cases were consolidated by notation ruling on October 3, 1995. Mr. Monson's personal restraint petition was linked to these cases in October 1996. For the purposes of this opinion, all matters have been consolidated. Following this court's stay pending the CrR 3.3 speedy trial decision in State v. Hudson, 130 Wn.2d 48, 921 P.2d 538 (1996), we allowed supplemental briefing.«3»
AMENABILITY TO PROCESS
Mr. Monson first argues the long delay between the filing of the complaints in district court and his first court appearance violated his CrR 3.3 speedy trial rights.
Under CrR 3.3, a defendant who is not detained in jail or subject to conditions of release must be arraigned
«2» The information charging Mr. Monson with the second of the two rapes is not included in the record, but he does not challenge the date of its filing.
«3» Mr. Monson's "Assertion of Right to Speedy Appeal" and "Motion to Return to Superior Court" are denied.
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within 14 days of his or her first appearance in superior court following the filing of the information or indictment. CrR 3.3(c)(1); State v. Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d 585, 589, 845 P.2d 971 (1993). A defendant who is first charged by complaint in district court (such as the case here) and who is not detained must be brought to trial no later than 90 days after the date of arraignment less "time elapsed in district court." CrR 3.3(c)(2)(i); State v. Holien, 47 Wn. App. 124, 127, 734 P.2d 508 (1987). "Time elapsed in district court" commences on the date of the first appearance in district court following the filing of the complaint. CrR 3.3(c)(2)(ii). When a defendant is not arraigned within CrR 3.3(c)(1)'s time frame, the court establishes a constructive arraignment date based on the last day the defendant could have been properly arraigned -- 14 days after the first court appearance, if not in custody. CrR 3.3(c)(1), (4); Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d at 590. Failure to comply with the time limits of CrR 3.3 will result in dismissal with prejudice. CrR 3.3(i).
[1] If a long and unnecessary delay occurs in bringing n defendant who is amenable to process before the court for his or her first appearance, CrR 3.3's 104-day time-for-trial period«4» is deemed to commence at the time the information or complaint was filed (the Striker«5» rule). Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d at 591; State v. Marler, 80 Wn. App. 765, 771-72, 911 P.2d 420, review denied, 129 Wn.2d 1024 (1996). Application of the Striker rule, however, depends on whether the defendant was amenable to process during the delay. If the defendant was not amenable to process, the Striker rule is not invoked, and the delay period is excluded from the computation of the time-to-trial period. State v. Lee, 48 Wn. App. 322, 738 P.2d 1081 (1987). The rule also does not apply where the State exercises good faith and due diligence in bringing a defendant before the court for a first appearance. Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d at 601.
«4» Ninety days plus the 14 days of constructive arraignment (CrR 3.3(c)(1)).
«5» State v. Striker, 87 Wn.2d 870, 875, 557 P.2d 847 (1976).
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Accordingly, we first ask whether Mr. Monson was amenable to process. Recently, two Washington Supreme Court cases held that out-of-state defendants wanted for crimes in Washington were not amenable to process and therefore could not invoke the Striker rule. State v. Stewart, 130 Wn.2d 351, 922 P.2d 1356 (1996); Hudson, 130 Wn.2d 48. Hudson, a consolidated case, involved defendants charged with crimes after they left the state. In each case, the defendants argued their CrR 3.3 speedy trial rights were violated by the delay in their arraignments. The Supreme Court held that Striker may not be invoked even when the out-of-state defendant had no notice of the warrant or wrote to inform the prosecutor's office of his out-of-state address. Whether or not the State exercised good faith and due diligence in notifying the defendant of the arraignment date, the Striker rule will not apply unless he or she was amenable to process. Hudson, 130 Wn.2d at 57.
The situation in Stewart is even closer to the facts before us. There the defendant left the state to attend school in Arizona. Because he was on probation due to a prior offense, he obtained permission from his probation officer to attend the out-of-state school, gave the officer his new address and maintained contact. After Mr. Stewart left the state, he was charged with an unrelated felony. Although his address was listed on the information, the State issued an arrest warrant stating that his whereabouts were unknown and made no effort to discover his Arizona address from the probation officer. A warrant was put on the national teletype, stating that the county would only extradite from nearby states. At one point, Mr. Stewart was arrested in Arizona on the Washington warrant, but was released when the Arizona police noticed Washington would not extradite from their state. He turned himself in when he moved back to Washington a month later, and he moved to quash the warrant for violations of his CrR 3.3 speedy trial right.
[2] Holding first that the Striker rule did not apply
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because Mr. Stewart was not amenable to process, the Supreme Court also held that the good faith and due diligence exception to Striker applies only when a defendant is amenable to process. Stewart, 130 Wn.2d at 362-64. Although the State is required by the Interstate Agreement on Detainers (IAD), RCW 9.100, to extradite for speedy trial a defendant incarcerated out of state, the IAD must first be utilized by the State's filing of a detainer and the defendant's written demand for trial. The brief time Mr. Stewart was detained while Arizona determined whether Washington would extradite did not prevent him from exercising his CrR 3.3 speedy trial rights. Stewart, 130 Wn.2d at 365.
[3] It is clear after Stewart and Hudson that while Mr. Monson was living in New York, he was not amenable to process and the Striker rule did not apply. As in Stewart, neither the State nor Mr. Monson utilized the IAD and he was only briefly detained while the New York officers checked on extradition. Accordingly, his CrR 3.3 speedy trial period began when he first appeared in Washington. No speedy trial violation is alleged from that starting date.
[4, 5] Alternatively, Mr. Monson contends the CrR 3.3 speedy trial period was triggered earlier, when he lived in Washington from 1990 to 1992. He asserts the State did not use due diligence to arrest him during this period, and triggered the good faith and due diligence rule of Greenwood. Whether the State acts in good faith and with due diligence turns on the facts of each case. Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d at 601. Even if we accept Mr. Monson's assertion that the State's failure to bring him to trial during this time was not his fault, the record shows the State made several good faith efforts from 1980 on to notify him he was wanted and to serve the warrant. In particular, Mr. Monson's relatives were notified and the warrant was put both on the intrastate and the interstate computer systems. In 1980, Mr. Monson was ordered as conditions of probation to meet monthly with his probation officer and
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not to leave the county without written permission. He did not comply with these conditions. The fact that a state agency issued him an identification card sometime around 1990 does not reflect a lack of due diligence. All in all, the State's efforts to find and arrest Mr. Monson constituted due diligence, preventing application of the Striker rule.
Mr. Monson argues pro se the State violated his federal and state constitutional speedy trial rights. The State responds that this issue may not be raised because it was not included in the motion for discretionary review and was not asserted at arraignment.
[6-8] Constitutional claims may be heard for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. Hieb, 107 Wn.2d 97, 108, 727 P.2d 239 (1986). Both U.S. CONST. amend. VI and WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22 (amend. 10) provide criminal defendants the right to a speedy public trial. State v. Higley, 78 Wn. App. 172, 184, 902 P.2d 659, review denied, 128 Wn.2d 1003 (1995). Unlike CrR 3.3, the constitutional right to speedy trial is not violated at the expiration of a fixed time, but at the expiration of a reasonable time. Higley, 78 Wn. App. at 184-85. We consider and balance four factors in determining whether the delay was reasonable: the length of the delay, the reason for the delay, whether the defendant asserted the right, and the prejudice to the defendant, Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 650-51, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 120 L. Ed. 2d 520 (1992); Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1972); Higley, 78 Wn. App. at 185.
[9] The reasons for the lengthy delay in bringing Mr. Monson to arraignment were his unamenability to arrest and the difficulty in tracing his whereabouts. The record supports the inference that his relatives informed him there were warrants out for his arrest. At no time during the decade after the informations were filed did he attempt to contact his probation officer or assert his right to speedy trial. Furthermore, his claim that the long delay will make it difficult to find witnesses for the defense is not persuasive. The State has also had difficulty tracking
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down its chief witnesses and is sure to be hampered by the long delay. In any event, prejudice is not an essential factor in determining whether the constitutional right to a speedy trial has been violated. Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 26, 94 S. Ct. 188, 38 L. Ed. 2d 183 (1973); Higley, 78 Wn. App. at 185. Under the facts of this case, the delay in bringing Mr. Monson before the court was reasonable and no violation of his constitutional speedy trial rights.
Finally, Mr. Monson argues in his personal restraint petition that he has been wrongfully held without bail for violation of his probation. In particular, he contends he has been incarcerated without a revocation hearing for a period longer than his original sentence.
In granting probation, a trial court has the authority to order the defendant to report to a probation officer and to follow the officer's instructions. RCW 9.95.210(4) Here, Mr. Monson was ordered to report to his probation officer every month, in person, and to obtain written permission for travel outside the county. Although he contends his probation officer gave him written permission to leave the state and told him he did not have to report in every month. the probation officer noted in his chronological record that the story of a travel permit was untrue and that he never received notice Mr. Monson was leaving the county. Mr. Monson did not submit evidence of a written permit, and the State has no record of one.
[10, 11] Since Mr. Monson failed to report to his probation officer and left the jurisdiction without permission, his probationary period was tolled until he was returned to Washington in 1994. Gillespie v. State, 17 Wn. App. 363, 366, 563 P.2d 1272, review denied, 89 Wn.2d 1008 (1977). His probation revocation hearing was continued until after trial on the rape charges. As long as Mr. Monson is being held on the criminal charges, it is permissible and appropriate to delay the revocation of probation hearing. State v. Valentine, 20 Wn. App. 511, 514-15, 580 P.2d 1119 (1978).
The trial court's denial of the speedy trial challenge is
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affirmed and Mr. Monson's personal restraint petition is denied.
SWEENEY, C.J., and MUNSON, J. Pro Tem., concur.
After modification, further reconsideration denied March 18, 1997.
Review denied at 133 Wn.2d 1015 (1997).