May 1993
[No. 28546-7-I. Division One. May 17, 1993.]
STATE v. JOHNSON
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. RONALD TODD JOHNSON, Appellant.
[1] Indictment and Information – Sufficiency – Notice of Charge – Essential Elements – In General. An information must include all the elements, both statutory and court imposed, of the crime charged in order to notify the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation.
[2] Controlled Substances – Delivery – Elements – Guilty Knowledge – In General. Knowledge of the identity of the product being delivered is an element of the crime of delivery of a controlled substance.
[3] Indictment and Information – Sufficiency – Review – Failure To Raise in Trial Court – Test. When a criminal defendant first challenges the sufficiency of the information on appeal, a court determines the validity of the information under the following 2-part test: (1) do the necessary facts appear in any form, or by fair construction can they be found, in the charging document; and, if so, (2) can the defendant show actual prejudice by the inartful language which caused a lack of notice?
[4] Controlled Substances – Delivery – Elements – Guilty Knowledge – Inclusion in Charge – Failure To Raise in Trial Court – "Unlawfully". When a criminal defendant's challenge to the sufficiency of an information charging the crime of delivery of a controlled substance is first made on appeal, the phrase "did unlawfully deliver" is sufficient to charge the element of guilty knowledge.
[5] Indictment and Information – Sufficiency – Review – Failure To Raise in Trial Court – Prejudice – Test. For purposes of determining the sufficiency of an information that was not challenged until an appeal, the defendant is not prejudiced by the information's inartful language unless the information does not provide notice of the illegal conduct and the charged crime.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for delivery of a controlled substance.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Snohomish County, No. 90-1-00487-7, Gerald L. Knight, J., entered a judgment of guilty on May 8, 1991.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the information sufficiently charged the guilty knowledge element of the crime, the court affirms the judgment.
Dawn Monroe of Washington Appellate Defender Association, for appellant.
Seth R. Dawson, Prosecuting Attorney, and David F. Thiele, Deputy, for respondent.
GROSSE, J. – Ronald Todd Johnson appeals his conviction for delivery of a controlled substance claiming the information charging him with the crime was constitutionally defective because it omits the essential element of guilty knowledge. The information stated in pertinent part:
[T]he defendant, on or about the 8th day of February, 1990, did unlawfully deliver a controlled substance, to wit: cocaine; proscribed by RCW 69.50.401(a), a felony.
At trial Johnson's defense was entrapment.
Johnson claims the charging document/information was insufficient because it only alleges that he "unlawfully" delivered cocaine and did not specify that he knew the identity of the substance delivered.
[1, 2] In State v. Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d 93, 812 P.2d 86 (1991), the Supreme Court held that all essential elements of a crime, statutory or court imposed, must be included in the information in order to give a defendant proper notice of the nature and cause of the accusation against him or her. The recent case of State v. Johnson, 119 Wn.2d 143, 829 P.2d 1078 (1992) upheld the holding in State v. Boyer, 91 Wn.2d 342, 588 P.2d 1151 (1979), that although the statute does not expressly require any intent for simple delivery, "'guilty knowledge, an understanding of the identity of the product being delivered, is a part of the crime.'" Johnson, 119 Wn.2d at 146 (quoting Boyer, 91 Wn.2d at 344). See State v. Cleppe, 96 Wn.2d 373, 635 P.2d 435 (1981) (guilty knowledge is an implicit element of the crime of "delivery", but not simple "possession", of a controlled substance), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 1006 (1982). See also State v. Sims, 119 Wn.2d 138, 142 n.1, 829 P.2d 1075 (1992).
[3] When a defendant raises a challenge to an information for the first time on appeal, the information is reviewed under a 2-prong test:
(1) do the necessary facts appear in any form, or by fair construction can they be found, in the charging document; and, if so, (2) can the defendant show that he or she was nonetheless actually prejudiced by the inartful language which caused a lack of notice?
(Footnote omitted.) Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d at 105-06.
The defendant relies on State v. Kitchen, 61 Wn. App. 915, 812 P.2d 888, review denied, 117 Wn.2d 1019 (1991), which held that the information there contained nothing to imply the defendants knew the identity of the substance delivered. In Kitchen, as to knowledge, the information only charged, "you delivered a controlled substance". Kitchen, at 917. The facts and wording in the Kitchen information are different from those in this case. Here, "unlawful" delivery was alleged.
[4] There is precedent for construing the term "unlawfully" as sufficient to withstand a challenge to an information where that challenge is raised for the first time on appeal. The Washington State Supreme Court has held "unlawfully" sufficient to allege intent, unless there is prejudice to the defendant. See, e.g., Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d at 110-11. Additionally, despite its reaffirmation of State v. Boyer, supra, the reasoning of the court in Sims is analogous to the circumstance here. Use of the word "unlawfully" necessarily implies guilty knowledge that the delivered substance is a controlled substance under the statute. Given the Kjorsvik rule of liberal construction we think it enough to pass the first test established in Kjorsvik. In Johnson, the Supreme Court held, "We do not, therefore, hold 'unlawfully', standing alone, will never be enough to allege knowledge." Johnson, 119 Wn.2d at 148-49.
[5] We grant that the wording of the information, using only the word "unlawfully", is not particularly "artful". However, Johnson must meet the second prong of the Kjorsvik test by proving this omission was prejudicial to his defense. It is only those charging instruments which fail to set forth an essential element of a crime in such a way that a defendant is not afforded notice of the illegal conduct and the crime for which he is charged that require dismissal. State v. Hopper, 118 Wn.2d 151, 155-56, 822 P.2d 775 (1992).
In the case before us, Johnson did not even allege prejudice. His defense was entrapment. An independent review of the record shows Johnson admitted delivering cocaine. «1»
«1» Johnson acknowledged that the substance he delivered was, in fact, cocaine. Johnson testified: "They knew exactly where I had gotten the coke that I gave them, . . .".
Johnson was initially contacted by undercover officers at a restaurant. Once outside the building, the undercover officers initially indicated a desire for marijuana. Johnson responded he was not sure he could get them (the officers) as much as they wanted, but accepted a ride back to his apartment. On the ride back to the apartment, and, after inquiry about cocaine from the officers, Johnson stated he could get cocaine easier than marijuana. He proceeded to procure the cocaine through his roommate who got it from someone else in the same apartment complex. Thus, the record shows no actual prejudice to Johnson as the result of an inartful information.
For the above reasons, the conviction is affirmed.
PEKELIS, A.C.J., and COLEMAN, J., concur.
[Nos. 19021-6-III; 10922-4-III. Division Three. November 19, 1991.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. VICKY LYNN HUGHES, Appellant.
By an order of the Court of Appeals dated May 27, 1993, the opinion in the above captioned case which appears at 63 Wn. App. 401-04 has been withdrawn. See 70 Wn. App. 142.
THE NEXT PAGE IS NUMBERED 1001
to permit the names of cases disposed of by unpublished opinions to be printed in the advance sheets of the Washington Appellate Reports with permanent page numbers.