CITE: 46 Wn. App. 52, 728 P.2d 1102
STATE v. GARRISON
CAUSE NUMBER: 18146-7-I
FILE DATE: December 1, 1986
CASE TITLE: The State of Washington, Respondent, v. James Lee Garrison, Appellant.
[1] Criminal Law - Statutes - Construction - Rule of Lenity - In General. The rule of lenity does not require a criminal statute to be construed so as to produce a strained or absurd result which would defeat the apparent intent of the Legislature.
[2] Statutes - Construction - Meaning of Words - Context. The subject matter and context within which a statutory term is found must be considered in determining the meaning of the term.
[3] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Reform Act - Juvenile Justice Terminology. The markedly different purposes and functions of the sentencing reform act (RCW 9.94A) generally precludes reliance upon construction of similar terms in the juvenile justice act (RCW 13.40) for defining terms used in the sentencing act.
[4] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - Prior Convictions - Post-Offense Convictions. For purposes of determining an offender score under former RCW 9.94A.360, any criminal conviction entered prior to the time of sentencing for the present offense counts as a prior conviction.
NATURE OF ACTION: Prosecution for burglary.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 85-1 03858-1, Frank H. Roberts, Jr., J., on March 12, 1986, entered a judgment on a plea of guilty. The defendant sought accelerated review to contest the offender score used in sentencing.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the court had properly computed the offender score, the court AFFIRMS the sentence.
COUNSEL: DENNIS BENJAMIN of WASHINGTON APPELLATE DEFENDER ASSOCIATION, for appellant.
NORM MALENG, PROSECUTING ATTORNEY, and STUART HEATH, DEPUTY, for respondent.
AUTHOR OF MAJORITY OPINION: Per Curiam.-
MAJORITY OPINION:
James Lee Garrison has filed a motion for accelerated review of his sentence under RAP 18.15, alleging the sentencing court erred in calculating his offender score under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981. We grant the motion and consider the matter on its merits, without oral argument. RAP 11.6.
FACTS
Garrison appeals a judgment and sentence entered following his plea of guilty to the crime of burglary in the second degree in King County cause 85-1-03858-1. Prior to the commission of the offense, Garrison had been found guilty of two burglaries. Between the date Garrison committed the current offense and the date of sentencing, Garrison was also convicted of escape and another burglary. The sentencing court used these four convictions in calculating his offender score of 4. Relying upon the offender score of 4, the court computed Garrison's presumptive sentence range to be between 12 plus and 14 months.
On March 12, 1986, Garrison was sentenced to a term of 13 months in the custody of the Department of Corrections. Following the filing of a notice of appeal, Garrison moved for accelerated review, claiming his sentence was outside the presumptive range.
DECISION
The key issue presented in this case is whether crimes committed before the current offense, but not adjudicated until after it, can be considered "prior convictions" for purposes of calculating a defendant's offender score under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981. Garrison contends the trial court erred in computing his presumptive sentence range to be 12 plus to 14 months. He claims that RCW 9.94A.360 is ambiguous because the term "prior conviction" is susceptible to two equally reasonable interpretations. "Prior convictions are used to determine the offender score which in turn is used to determine the applicable presumptive standard sentence range." STATE v. AMMONS, 105 Wn.2d 175, 186, 713 P.2d 719, 718 P.2d 796 (1986).
A statute is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations. ADAMS v. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL & HEALTH SERVS., 38 Wn. App. 13, 16, 683 P.2d 1133 (1984). The sentencing reform act does not define the term "prior conviction." Garrison relies upon the definition of "criminal history" found in the Juvenile Justice Act of 1977 to support his argument that prior convictions must be limited to those offenses adjudicated prior to the commission of the current offense. "Criminal history" is defined in the juvenile justice act to include all criminal complaints filed against an accused juvenile which, prior to the commission of the current offense, have been found correct by a court. RCW 13.40.020(6)(a).
Garrison was found guilty of two of his prior convictions after the commission of the current offense. Thus, he argues, these convictions cannot be used in computing his presumptive range and the true presumptive range should be 3 to 9 months. We disagree.
[1, 2] "In construing an ambiguous criminal statute, the rule of lenity requires us to adopt the interpretation most favorable to the defendant." STATE v. WELTY, 44 Wn. App. 281, 283, 726 P.2d 472 (1986). Courts will not, however, construe a statute in such a forced manner as to defeat the manifest intent of the Legislature. STATE v. HARTLEY, 41 Wn. App. 669, 673, 705 P.2d 821, REVIEW DENIED, 104 Wn.2d 1028 (1985). "In determining the meaning of a word as used in a particular instance, regard must necessarily be had to the subject matter in connection with which it is used, and also to the context of the statute wherein it may be employed." CADY v. KERR, 11 Wn.2d 1, 10, 118 P.2d 182, 137 A.L.R. 713 (1941).
[3] The purposes and policies underlying the juvenile justice act are significantly different from the purposes and policies of the sentencing reform act. The fundamental differences between the juvenile justice act and the sentencing reform act are aptly explained in STATE v. RICE, 98 Wn.2d 384, 393, 655 P.2d 1145 (1982):
"[T]he [juvenile justice act] has not utterly abandoned the rehabilitative ideal which impelled the juvenile justice system for decades. It does not embrace a purely punitive or retributive philosophy. Instead, it attempts to tread an equatorial line somewhere midway between the poles of rehabilitation and retribution.
The adult sentencing system, on the other hand, does not place such importance on rehabilitation. The fifth purpose of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 is to "[o]ffer the offender an opportunity to improve him or herself".
Offering a chance of self-improvement does not suggest to us the same degree of commitment to rehabilitation as is expressed by the Legislature in the [juvenile justice act]. Punishment is the paramount purpose of the adult sentencing system. ACCORD, STATE v. BEARD, 39 Wn. App. 601, 606, 694 P.2d 692, REVIEW DENIED, 103 Wn.2d 1032 (1985).
Although the Supreme Court in STATE v. OXBORROW, 106 Wn.2d 525, 531, 723 P.2d 1123 (1986) recently used language in the juvenile justice act as a means of interpreting the term "clearly excessive" in the sentencing reform act, that case is clearly distinguishable. In OXBORROW the court recognized that the interpretation of the words "clearly excessive" in the juvenile justice act coincided with the recommendations of the Sentencing Guidelines Commission to the Legislature in 1983. STATE v. OXBORROW, SUPRA at 530-31.
Unlike the sentencing reform act, the emphasis of the juvenile justice act remains on the interest, welfare, and rehabilitation of the individual offender. STATE v. LAWLEY, 91 Wn.2d 654, 658, 591 P.2d 772 (1979). To interpret the term "prior conviction" as Garrison wishes would utterly frustrate the paramount purpose of the sentencing reform act, I.E., to hold an adult accountable for his criminal acts. STATE v. RICE, SUPRA.
[4] Further, the law is well settled that courts, in construing statutes, are to avoid absurd results. STATE v. HARTLEY, SUPRA. To construe the words "prior conviction" as Garrison argues would lead to just such a result. Since its inception, the sentencing reform act has included other CURRENT offenses in the calculation of a defendant's criminal history. Former RCW 9.94A.400(1)(a) provides that, whenever a person is convicted of two or more offenses, the sentence range for each offense shall be determined by using all other current and prior convictions as criminal history. The use of other current offenses as criminal history is inconsistent with a definition of "prior conviction" which would exclude convictions for crimes committed before the current offense but not adjudicated until after the commission of the current offense.
In addition, the Legislature recently amended RCW 9.94A.360(1) to include a definition of "prior conviction" as "a conviction which exists BEFORE THE DATE OF SENTENCING for the offense for which the offender score is being computed." (Italics ours.) Laws of 1986, ch. 257, 25, p. 932. Although RCW 9.94A.360 as written prior to its 1986 amendment controls, the amendment clearly clarifies what the Legislature intended in the original statute. IN RE HUNTER, 106 Wn.2d 493, 498, 723 P.2d 431 (1986). As explained in WILLIAMS v. PIERCE CY., 13 Wn. App. 755, 760, 537 P.2d 856 (1975):
"Frequently it is held that where a statute, particularly one of doubtful meaning, is amended by a subsequent enactment so as to make it more certain, the subsequent amendment is a strong indicator of the legislative intention with respect to the original provision.
In this case, the definition of "prior conviction" found in the amendment merely clarifies the meaning of the former statute rather than effectuating any material change in the law. Because Garrison's four prior convictions were each adjudicated before he was sentenced in cause 85-1-03858-1, the trial court correctly used them in calculating his offender score at 4.
We therefore find that a sentencing court may consider any valid conviction which exists prior to the date of sentencing in computing the offender score under the sentencing reform act.
The motion for accelerated review is granted and the sentence is affirmed.
POST-OPINION INFORMATION: