[No. 66071-3-I. Division One. April 2, 2012.]
November 15, 2011, Oral Argument
Douglas S. Tingvall, for appellants.
Craig D. Blackmon (of Blackmon Holmes PLLC), for respondent.
Author: J. Robert Leach, C.J.
We concur: Marlin Appelwick, J., Ronald Cox, J. ¶1 LEACH, C.J. -- Sharon Hanks brought suit against her Realtor and his wife, James and Jeannie Grace (Grace), alleging professional negligence, legal malpractice, fraud, breach of contract, and a Consumer Protection Act FACTS ¶2 On March 1, 2008, Hanks listed her house in Sammamish for sale for $538,000 with Grace and RE/MAX Eastside Brokers. At the time, Hanks's husband was terminally ill. Hanks planned to move to South Dakota after his death to be closer to her family. Hanks told Grace that she would not entertain contingent offers. The listing agreement provided that Grace would receive a two percent commission for his services as listing agent, which would increase to three percent if he also acted as the selling agent. ¶3 In early March, a prospective purchaser, Robert Alia, expressed an interest in Hanks's house to Grace, but Alia did not make a written offer. Instead, on March 10, Alia made an offer on a different house in Hanks's neighborhood. That same day, Grace presented Hanks with a written offer of $530,000 from Robert and Norma Jean Grimes. The Grimeses expressly conditioned their offer upon a satisfactory inspection and their ability to obtain financing. Hanks accepted the Grimeses' offer. ¶4 Grace then removed the "for sale" sign in front of Hanks's house without objection and changed the status of the house with the multiple listing service to "pending inspection." After the Grimeses approved an inspection, he changed it to "pending." Apparently unbeknownst to Hanks, the Grimeses' offer was contingent on the sale of their house. ¶5 The purchase fell through when the Grimeses could not sell their house and as a result could not obtain financing. ¶6 In June, the sale to Grace fell through because Grace, like the Grimeses, could not obtain financing. Hanks terminated her listing agreement with Grace and retained a different listing agent. By that time, the real estate market had significantly declined, forcing Hanks to reduce her asking price several times. Hanks's house eventually sold in September 2009 for $380,000, $158,000 less than the original asking price. Hanks sued Grace, alleging professional negligence, legal malpractice, fraud, breach of contract, and a Consumer Protection Act violation. ¶7 The record demonstrates that the parties disagree sharply about what occurred during the time that Grace acted as Hanks's listing agent. The first area of dispute centers on Alia, the individual who expressed an interest in Hanks's house but did not make an offer. Alia testified that he told Grace he wanted to make a full-price, noncontingent offer on Hanks's house, and Grace responded that Alia's timing would not work for Hanks. Grace testified that Alia refused to make a written offer. According to Hanks, Grace never told her about Alia's desire to make an offer, and if he had, she would have accepted it. ¶8 The parties' recollection of events also differs regarding the Grimes offer. According to Hanks, Grace told her that the Grimeses were "financially well qualified." Hanks also said that Grace did not indicate to her that their offer was contingent upon the sale of their home. Grace, however, recalls alerting Hanks to the contingent nature of the offer. ¶9 Finally, the parties dispute what occurred at the signing of the rescission agreement. Grace remembers that he "went over the form with [Hanks]." Hanks, on the other hand, did not recall Grace explaining the terms of the agreement to her. She testified Grace told her that the rescission agreement was a formality and that she had to sign it so that Grace could buy her house. ¶10 Grace moved to dismiss Hanks's negligence claims on summary judgment, arguing Hanks had waived them by signing the rescission agreement. In the alternative, Grace asked the trial court to limit Hanks's damages to one-half of the Grimeses' $5,000 earnest money. The trial court decided that Grace owed Hanks no legal duty to prepare a written offer for Alia; it also determined that material issues of fact regarding Hanks's other claims precluded summary judgment. ¶11 Hanks moved for partial summary judgment to dismiss Grace's waiver defense based upon the rescission agreement. The trial court granted this request: The release at issue in the facts presented to the court is void as a matter of public policy. In addition[,] there was no consideration, which is necessary to create an enforceable release. Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment on this affirmative defense is hereby GRANTED. Defendants' affirmative defense of waiver is hereby dismissed with prejudice. ¶12 The parties tried the case to a jury. The jury received instructions on actual damages and emotional distress damages. The jury found that (1) Grace was not negligent in dealing with Alia, (2) Grace was negligent in the Grimes transaction, (3) Grace's negligence in the Grimes transaction proximately caused Hanks's damages, and (4) Grace did not breach his contract with Hanks to purchase her house. The jury awarded Hanks $195,000 in past economic damages and $170,000 in noneconomic damages. ¶13 After the verdict, Grace moved under CR 50 for judgment as a matter of law, arguing that insufficient evidence supported the jury's finding that Grace's negligence proximately caused Hanks's damages and that noneconomic damages are not recoverable in a negligence action. The trial court denied Grace's motion and entered final judgment on the jury's verdict. ¶14 Grace appeals. ANALYSIS Did Hanks waive her claims against Grace? [1, 2] ¶15 Grace claims the trial court erred by granting Hanks's motion for partial summary judgment. The trial court granted Hanks's motion after concluding that the rescission contract's exculpatory clause was invalid due to lack of consideration and that the release provision was void as a matter of public policy. Whether consideration supports a contract and whether a contractual provision contravenes public policy are questions of law, which we review de novo. [3-5] ¶16 First, we consider whether a lack of consideration made the release provision unenforceable. Generally, a contract must be supported by consideration. [6, 7] ¶17 Next, we address whether the exculpatory clause violated public policy. Washington courts generally accept, "subject to certain exceptions, [that] parties may contract that one shall not be liable for his or her own negligence to another." ¶18 An agreement contravenes public policy if "'the contract as made has a tendency to evil, to be against the public good, or to be injurious to the public.'" Under Wagenblast, the enforceability of a release depends on whether: (1) the agreement concerns an endeavor of a type thought suitable for public regulation; (2) the party seeking to enforce the release is engaged in performing an important public service, often one of practical necessity; (3) the party provides the service to any member of the public, or to any member falling within established standards; (4) the party seeking to invoke the release has control over the person or property of the party seeking the service; (5) there is a decisive inequality of bargaining power between the parties; and (6) the release is a standardized adhesion contract. The more of these characteristics present in a case, the more likely we are to declare the agreement invalid on public policy grounds. [8] ¶19 An examination of the Wagenblast characteristics present in this case demonstrates that the exculpatory clause under review violates Washington public policy. chapter 18.85 RCW and chapter 18.86 RCW regulate the activities of real estate agents and brokers. These statutes govern licensing and define the duties and responsibilities of those who sell real estate. In addition, the Uniform Regulation of Business and Professions Act, chapter 18.235 RCW, prohibits real estate agents from engaging in unprofessional conduct, including "[i]ncompetence, negligence, or malpractice that results in harm or damage to another or that creates an unreasonable risk of harm or damage to another." ¶20 Real estate agents and brokers provide an important service to the public. While an agent does not perform an essential service because a person can market his or her house without one, enlisting the help of an agent is often a matter of practical necessity. Real estate agents possess expertise that members of the general public generally do not. In recognition of this expertise, RE/MAX and its agents hold their services out to members of the public. After an agent and seller establish a relationship, the agent largely has control over the sale. While the seller controls the terms of the sale, the agent usually controls how the seller's goals are realized. In light of the foregoing considerations, characteristics one, two, three, and four are present. ¶21 Turning to the final characteristics--whether there was a decisive inequality in bargaining power between the parties and whether the terms were contained in a standardized adhesion contract--we also find these present in this case. A real estate agent, who regularly deals with and is familiar with the standardized forms used in residential real estate transactions, clearly has a superior bargaining power over a typical seller, who lacks sophistication and much experience in the business of buying and selling houses. Additionally, Grace supplied the release as part of a standard form contract published by the Northwest Multiple Listing Service. The parties did not discuss the clause, and Grace did not present Hanks with the opportunity to change the document. Hanks testified to her belief that she had no alternative but to sign. According to Hanks, Grace presented the rescission contract to her as the only option if she wanted to sell her house to another buyer, namely, him. ¶22 All of the six Wagenblast characteristics of an unenforceable exculpatory agreement are present in this case. Under these circumstances, the exculpatory clause violates public policy. The trial court did not err by dismissing Grace's waiver defense. Did the trial court err by denying Grace's summary judgment motion? [9] ¶23 Grace challenges the trial court's denial of his summary judgment motion. We, however, will not review an order denying summary judgment when raised after a trial on the merits, where, as here, the denial is based on the presence of material, disputed facts. Did the trial court err by denying Grace's motion for judgment as a matter of law? [10] ¶24 Grace claims that the trial court improperly denied his CR 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law. Again, a procedural bar precludes Grace from raising this issue on appeal. CR 50 permits a court to enter judgment as a matter of law if "during a trial by jury, a party has been fully heard with respect to an issue and there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find or have found for that party with respect to that issue." This suggested amendment changes Washington practice and requires that a motion for judgment as a matter of law be made before submission of the case to the jury as a condition to renewing the motion post-verdict. The Committee concluded that requiring a motion for judgment as a matter of law before the case is submitted to the jury enhances the administration of justice because the parties and/or the court can correct possible errors before verdict. Absent such a motion before submission of the case to the jury, a party may not bring a motion for judgment as a matter of law thereafter. 4 KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE CR 50 drafters' cmt. at 211 (5th ed. 2006). [11] ¶25 Grace argues that CR 50 is ambiguous because the rule states a party "may," rather than "must," move for judgment as a matter of law before submission of the case to the jury. This argument is not well taken. A rule is not ambiguous simply because it employs optional, rather than mandatory, language. Alternatively, Grace asks this court to excuse his noncompliance with CR 50 because it would "serve the ends of justice," citing Scannell v. State. CONCLUSION ¶26 Two procedural bars prevent Grace from challenging the trial court orders denying his motion for summary judgment and his CR 50 motion. And because Hanks did not waive her claim through the invalid release clause, we affirm. COX and APPELWICK, JJ., concur.