[No. 56759-4-I. Division One. November 13, 2006.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON , Respondent , v. SONIA A. ACREY , Appellant .
[1] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Authority - Statutory Limitations. A court may impose a sentence only as provided by law.
[2] Statutes - Construction - Statutory Language - Plain Meaning - Context. When interpreting a statute, a court first attempts to effectuate the plain meaning of the statutory words. The court examines each provision of the statute in relation to the others and seeks a consistent construction of the statute as a whole.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 939
135 Wn. App. 938
[3] Statutes - Construction - Unambiguous Language - Rules of Statutory Construction. A statute must be ambiguous before a court will consider sources beyond the statute or apply rules of statutory construction to determine its meaning.
[4] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Crime Related - Statutory Provisions - "As Part of Any Sentence" - "Any" - What Constitutes. For purposes of RCW 9.94A.505 (8), under which a court may impose and enforce crime-related prohibitions and affirmative conditions as provided in chapter 9.94A RCW "as part of any sentence," "any" means "one, no matter what one: every . . . without restriction or limitation in choice."
[5] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Crime Related - Statutory Provisions - Authority - Sufficiency. RCW 9.94A.505 (8) provides sufficient authority, by itself, for a trial court to impose on a convicted offender a crime-related prohibition as a condition of sentence.
[6] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Violation - Sanctions - Jurisdiction - Supervision of Department of Corrections - Necessity. A trial court's jurisdiction to sanction a convicted offender for violating a condition of sentence does not depend on the offender's being under the supervision of the Department of Corrections.
[7] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Crime Related - Causal Link - Necessity. Under RCW 9.94A.030 (13), no causal link need be established between a crime-related prohibition and the crime committed before the crime-related prohibition may be imposed as a condition of sentence under RCW 9.94A.505 (8) so long as the condition relates to the circumstances of the crime.
[8] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Crime Related - Review - Standard of Review. A trial court's imposition on a criminal offender of a crime-related prohibition as a condition of sentence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
[9] Theft - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Prohibition Against Acting as Caretaker for Elderly or Disabled Persons - Validity - In General. When a convicted offender's crime consists of befriending and providing services to an elderly person living in a residential center for senior citizens, convincing the elderly person to marry the offender, and then stealing the elderly person's money and accruing substantial debts in the elderly person's name, the trial court may impose as a part of sentence a condition prohibiting the offender from acting as a caretaker for elderly or disabled persons.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 940
135 Wn. App. 938
[10] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Validity - Vagueness - Due Process. An unconstitutionally vague sentencing condition deprives an offender of due process of law.
[11] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Validity - Vagueness - Test. A condition of sentence imposed on a convicted offender is not unconstitutionally vague if it provides adequate notice of the proscribed conduct and contains sufficient standards to protect against arbitrary, ad hoc enforcement.
[12] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Validity - Vagueness - Sufficient Definiteness. Due process of law does not require that a condition of sentence imposed on a convicted offender satisfy impossible standards of specificity or be mathematically certain.
[13] Theft - Punishment - Sentence - Conditions - Prohibition Against Acting as Caretaker for Elderly or Disabled Persons - Validity - Vagueness. A condition of sentence imposed on an offender convicted of theft from an elderly and vulnerable victim that prohibits the offender from acting as a caretaker for elderly or disabled persons is not unconstitutionally vague.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for one count of first degree theft, five counts of first degree identity theft, and one count of second degree perjury.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 05-1-05387-5, Sharon S. Armstrong, J., on July 25, 2005, entered a judgment on a plea of guilty. As a condition of sentence, the court prohibited the defendant from acting as a caretaker for elderly or disabled persons, except for her own mother.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the trial court had the statutory authority to impose a crime-related prohibition, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the prohibition against caring for elderly or disabled persons, and that the prohibition was not unconstitutionally vague, the court affirms the judgment.
Eric J. Nielsen (of Nielsen, Broman & Koch, P.L.L.C. ), for appellant .
Norm Maleng , Prosecuting Attorney, and David M. Seaver , Deputy, for respondent .
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 941
135 Wn. App. 938
¶1 ELLINGTON, J. - Sonia Acrey drained the retirement savings of an elderly man and accumulated more than $83,000 of debt in his name. She pleaded guilty to theft, identity theft, and perjury. As part of her sentence, the judge prohibited her from working as a caretaker for elderly or disabled individuals. Acrey contends the court was without authority to impose the prohibition, and that the prohibition was not crime-related and was unconstitutionally vague. We hold that RCW 9.94A.505 (8) authorizes judges to impose crime-related prohibitions as part of any sentence, and that the prohibition in Acrey's sentence is neither an abuse of discretion nor unconstitutionally vague. We therefore affirm.
FACTS
¶2 As summer waned in 2003, a 43-year-old woman named Sonia Acrey came to visit 71-year-old Samuel Alexander at his home in a senior citizen center. She introduced herself as Sonia Robinson and claimed she knew Mr. Alexander because they had "partied together" in Canada years before. Mr. Alexander later said he did not know Acrey, but spoke to her because he did not want to hurt her feelings. She began regular visits and drove him on errands.
¶3 Gradually Acrey gained Mr. Alexander's trust. She repeatedly suggested that they marry. Mr. Alexander finally acquiesced in April 2004. Despite Acrey's promise that they would live together, Mr. Alexander never moved out of the senior center. Instead, after the wedding, Acrey stopped visiting Mr. Alexander and commenced transferring his assets into her name and taking out loans in his name.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 942
135 Wn. App. 938
¶4 Within four months, Mr. Alexander was penniless. Acrey withdrew more than $130,000 from Mr. Alexander's retirement accounts and incurred more than $83,000 of debt in his name, all without Mr. Alexander's knowledge or permission.
¶5 Acrey pleaded guilty to one count of first degree theft, five counts of first degree identity theft, and one count of second degree perjury. The judge imposed a standard range sentence, which did not require supervision, and added the following crime-related prohibition: "Defendant shall not work for or without pay as a caretaker for any elderly or disabled persons, except her mother." Clerk's Papers at 47.
¶6 The parties agree the court acted under RCW 9.94A.505(8). Acrey contends this section permits crime-related prohibitions only where explicitly authorized by other statutes, and that no such other statutes apply to her. In the alternative, she contends the prohibition is unsupported by the evidence, and therefore an abuse of discretion, and is unconstitutionally vague.«1»
ANALYSIS
[1]¶7 Crime-Related Prohibitions . A trial court only possesses the power to impose sentences provided by law. In re Pers. Restraint of Carle , 93 Wn.2d 31 , 33, 604 P.2d 1293 (1980). RCW 9.94A.505 (8) authorizes crime-related prohibitions: "As a part of any sentence, the court may impose and enforce crime-related prohibitions and affirmative conditions as provided in this chapter."
¶8 Acrey argues that the phrase "as provided in this chapter" means that imposition of crime-related prohibitions must be authorized by some other provision of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW, such as RCW 9.94A.650 (first-time offenders) or RCW 9.94A.720
«1»Acrey does not challenge the unlimited term of the prohibition, but the State noted during oral argument that a term beyond the statutory maximum is beyond the court's authority. The parties may apply to superior court for an amendment to the judgment and sentence limiting the duration of the prohibition.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 943
135 Wn. App. 938
(supervision of offenders). Because no other provision applies, she contends the court lacked the authority to impose a crime-related prohibition.
¶9 The State responds that the phrase "as provided in this chapter" refers to the definition of crime-related prohibitions and affirmative conditions and does not limit the circumstances under which prohibitions may be imposed. The State contends that Acrey's reading makes the statute meaningless, because it would provide only that the court could impose conditions so long as they are authorized elsewhere. The State also points to the last antecedent rule of statutory interpretation, under which the qualifying words or phrases refer to the last antecedent (here, affirmative conditions, not crime-related prohibitions). See Boeing Co. v. Dep't of Licensing , 103 Wn.2d 581 , 587, 693 P.2d 104 (1985).
¶10 No case has directly addressed whether a court must rely on a statutory provision besides RCW 9.94A.505 (8) to impose crime-related prohibitions, but the State points to several cases reflecting an underlying assumption that RCW 9.94A.505 (8), standing alone, authorizes judges to impose crime-related prohibitions as part of any sentence. See , e.g. , State v. Warren , 134 Wn. App. 44 , 70, 138 P.3d 1081 (2006); State v. Hearn , 131 Wn. App. 601 , 607, 128 P.3d 139 (2006).
[2, 3]¶11 When interpreting statutes, we first attempt to effectuate the plain meaning of the words. We examine each provision in relation to others and seek a consistent construction of the whole. State v. Sommerville , 111 Wn.2d 524 , 531, 760 P.2d 932 (1988). We examine sources beyond the statute and apply the rules of statutory interpretation only if the statute is ambiguous. Dep't of Transp. v. Employees' Ins. Bd. , 97 Wn.2d 454 , 458, 645 P.2d 1076 (1982).
[4, 5]¶12 We see no ambiguity in the phrase "as part of any sentence." "Any" means "one, no matter what one : EVE- ry<</emph> . . . without restriction or limitation of choice." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 97 (1993). RCW 9.94A.030(13) controls imposition of sentence conditions:
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 944
135 Wn. App. 938
"Crime-related prohibition" means an order of a court prohibiting conduct that directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted, and shall not be construed to mean orders directing an offender affirmatively to participate in rehabilitative programs or to otherwise perform affirmative conduct. However, affirmative acts necessary to monitor compliance with the order of a court may be required by the department.
As this definition makes clear, the legislature drew a sharp distinction between prohibitions on the one hand and affirmative conduct conditions on the other. Crime-related conduct may be prohibited in any sentence, so long as the prohibition is directly related to the crime.
¶13 Acrey points to other statutes mentioning crime-related prohibitions, such as first offender and drug alternative sentencing statutes, but none supports her argument. For example, the first-time offender statute, RCW 9.94A.650 (2), allows the court to impose a term of community custody
which, in addition to crime-related prohibitions, may include [affirmative conduct] requirements that the offender perform any one of more of the following:
(a) Devote time to a specific employment or occupation;
(b) Undergo available outpatient treatment for up to the period specified in subsection (3) of this section, or inpatient treatment not to exceed the standard range of confinement for that offense;
(c) Pursue a prescribed, secular course of study or vocational training.
(Emphasis added.) The drug offender sentencing alternative, RCW 9.94A.660 (5)(c), requires the court to impose certain prohibitions ("shall [also impose][c]rime-related prohibitions including a condition not to use illegal controlled substances"), but allows affirmative conduct requirements only in certain categories such as community restitution work and employment or training. RCW 9.94A.660 (7)(a), (e). Neither of these statutes, nor any of the others Acrey cites,
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 945
135 Wn. App. 938
authorizes crime-related prohibitions as a separate category of sentence condition.
¶14 The distinction between crime-related prohibitions and affirmative conduct requirements reflects the legislature's retreat from rehabilitation in favor of determinate punishment: " 'Persons may be punished for their crimes and they may be prohibited from doing things which are directly related to their crimes, but they may not be coerced into doing things which are believed will rehabilitate them.' " State v. Parramore , 53 Wn. App. 527 , 530, 768 P.2d 530 (1989) (emphasis omitted) (quoting DAVID BOERNER, SENTENCING IN WASHINGTON § 4.5 (1985)).
¶15 Cases considering crime-related prohibitions have chiefly examined the prohibition to see whether it is a disguised affirmative conduct requirement. "The main concern that arises when reviewing crime-related prohibitions is thus the prevention of coerced rehabilitation. Otherwise, the assignment of crime-related prohibitions has 'traditionally been left to the discretion of the sentencing judge .' " State v. Riley , 121 Wn.2d 22 , 37, 846 P.2d 1365 (1993) (emphasis added) (citation omitted) (quoting Parramore , 53 Wn. App. at 530 ).
¶16 We hold that RCW 9.94A.505 (8) authorizes crime-related prohibitions in every sentence.
¶17 Acrey also argues, however, that allowing crime-related prohibitions in any sentence does not make sense when construed with RCW 9.94A.634 , which empowers the Department of Corrections to sanction offenders who violate conditions or requirements of their sentences. She claims that her crime-related prohibition is unenforceable because she was not sentenced to community custody and, thus, will not be supervised by the Department of Corrections.
[6]¶18 The court's jurisdiction to enter and enforce its sentence does not depend upon the authority given the Department of Corrections. "If an offender violates any condition or requirement of a sentence, the court may modify its order of judgment and sentence and impose further punishment in accordance with this section." RCW
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 946
135 Wn. App. 938
9.94A.634(1) (emphasis added); State v. Johnson , 54 Wn. App. 489 , 491-92, 774 P.2d 526 (1989) (court's jurisdiction to sanction an offender for violating the conditions of his sentence does not expire when his period of community supervision ends). Offenders not under supervision may be less likely to be caught, but their violations are violations nonetheless.
¶19 Acrey contends that even if the prohibition is authorized by statute, it was unjustified because it is not directly related to her crime. Acrey argues the record does not show a pattern of preying on elderly or disabled people, or that she gained access to Mr. Alexander by serving as his caretaker, or that he was disabled.
[7, 8]¶20 Under RCW 9.94A.030 (13), no causal link need be established between the prohibition imposed and the crime committed, so long as the condition relates to the circumstances of the crime. State v. Llamas-Villa , 67 Wn. App. 448 , 456, 836 P.2d 239 (1992). Sentencing conditions, including crime-related prohibitions, are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Riley , 121 Wn.2d at 36 -37.
[9]¶21 Acrey's argument verges upon the frivolous. Acrey was not a paid caretaker. But Mr. Alexander was a 71-year-old man living in a residential center for senior citizens. His driver's license had been permanently revoked for medical reasons. Acrey herself pointed out to the sentencing court that residence staff described Mr. Alexander as " 'very needy for attention, and if someone pays attention to him, he will do almost anything for them.' " Resp. Br. at 16 (quoting Acrey's Presentence Report at 2). As Acrey gained his trust, she served as his driver and took him various places, such as his bank, where she persuaded him to sign documents he did not understand (including applications for thousands of dollars in loans). Acrey ingratiated herself to the point that Mr. Alexander agreed to marry her - and then immediately used her status as his wife to violate his trust and steal his money.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 947
135 Wn. App. 938
¶22 Gaining the trust of a dependent person by offering services was an intrinsic part of Acrey's criminal method. Working as a caretaker for dependent persons would provide many opportunities for similar violations of trust. The prohibition is therefore directly related to her crime. See Llamas-Villa , 67 Wn. App. at 455 -56 (associating with people who use, possess, or deal illegal drugs was conduct intrinsic to defendant's crime of possession of cocaine with intent to deliver, so prohibition against associating with such people was crime-related). The court acted well within its discretion in prohibiting Acrey from using that method to find new victims.
¶23 Further, although it is unnecessary to support the prohibition, the record indicates that Mr. Alexander was disabled, at least to some extent. He admitted he signed documents without knowing what they were for. Residence staff had to restrain him from giving away money to other residents. He had lost his driver's license for medical reasons. The record amply supports the prohibition imposed here.
[10-12]¶24 Vagueness . An unconstitutionally vague sentencing condition deprives an offender of due process of law. State v. Sansone , 127 Wn. App. 630 , 638-39, 111 P.3d 1251 (2005).«2»The due process vagueness doctrine under the United States Constitution has two purposes: first, to provide adequate notice of proscribed conduct, and second, to protect against arbitrary, ad hoc enforcement. State v. Riles , 135 Wn.2d 326 , 348, 957 P.2d 655 (1998). The Constitution does not require impossible standards of specificity or mathematical certainty. Id.
[13]¶25 Acrey argues that a person of ordinary intelligence cannot discern the meaning of "elderly" unless the court defines it by reference to a specific age. She also claims that "disabled" is vague because it encompasses many possible conditions. These terms, standing alone,
«2»The parties do not argue whether a sentencing condition may be challenged for facial vagueness or only as applied in enforcement proceedings. We, therefore, do not address the issue.
Nov. 2006 State v. Acrey 948
135 Wn. App. 938
might be subject to more than one interpretation in some circumstances, and Acrey cites two federal cases holding the term "elderly" too vague to support an upward adjustment to a sentence and a third holding that the term "elderly" is too vague to be a statutory aggravating factor supporting imposition of the death penalty.«3»
¶26 These cases are readily distinguishable, however, and neither Acrey's argument nor her hypothetical about wealthy clients wanting close companionship or constant service is persuasive. Acrey ignores the central feature of the prohibition: the sentencing condition forbids her from acting as a caretaker for elderly or disabled people. Acrey does not argue that the term "caretaker" is vague. The court did not prohibit Acrey from caring for children. In all other circumstances that come readily to mind, the need for a caretaker is the salient fact. Acrey is well able to predict the prohibition's application with adequate certainty.
¶27 We affirm Acrey's sentence.\
COLEMAN and BECKER , JJ., concur.
«3»Acrey cites United States v. Smith , 930 F.2d 1450, 1455 (10th Cir. 1991); United States v. Tissnolthtos , 115 F.3d 759, 761-62 (10th Cir. 1997); State v. White , 395 A.2d 1082, 1090 (Del. 1978).