[No. 55405-1-I. Division One. June 19, 2006.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON , Respondent , v. DEMETRIUS TRE WILLIAMS , Appellant .
[1] Indictment and Information - Sufficiency - Review - Failure To Raise in Trial Court - Effect. A criminal defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the charging document for the first time on appeal because a challenge to the sufficiency of a charging document is of constitutional magnitude.
[2] Indictment and Information - Sufficiency - Review - Standard of Review - In General. An appellate court reviews the sufficiency of a charging document de novo.
[3] Indictment and Information - Sufficiency - Review - Failure To Raise in Trial Court - Construction. When a criminal defendant challenges the sufficiency of the charging document for the first time on appeal, the document is liberally construed in favor of validity.
[4] Indictment and Information - Sufficiency - Notice of Charge - Essential Elements - What Constitutes - Purpose. The State must inform a criminal defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation by providing a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged. The essential elements rule requires the charging document to adequately identify the crime charged and allege facts supporting every element of the offense. Essential elements are those necessary to establish the very illegality of the crime itself. The objective is to provide the accused with a meaningful opportunity to prepare an adequate defense.
[5] Bail and Recognizance - Bail Jumping - Elements - Penalty Classification. The penalty classification of a charge of bail jumping under RCW 9A.76.170 is not an essential element of the offense and need not be alleged in the charging document.
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[6] Criminal Law - Trial - Instructions - Review - Standard of Review. An appellate court reviews challenges to jury instructions de novo.
[7] Criminal Law - Trial - Instructions - Formula Instruction - Omission of Element - Due Process. A criminal defendant is deprived of due process of law if the instructions given at trial relieve the State of its burden of proving every essential element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
[8] Bail and Recognizance - Bail Jumping - Instructions - Formula Instruction - Elements - Penalty Classification. In a prosecution for bail jumping under RCW 9A.76.170 , neither the penalty classification of the crime nor the class of the underlying offense on which the charge is based should be included in the to-convict instruction. The penalty classification bears on sentencing, and sentencing issues are not for the jury.
[9] Bail and Recognizance - Bail Jumping - Instructions - Formula Instruction - Sufficiency - Allegation of Underlying Offense. In a prosecution for bail jumping under RCW 9A.76.170, the "to-convict" instruction given to the jury is constitutionally sufficient to establish the penalty classification for the offense if it requires the jury to find that the defendant was charged with a particular named underlying offense. The classification, for sentencing purposes, of the underlying offense and of the bail jumping charge is a question of law for the trial court, as determined by reference to the statutes classifying each crime. The defendant does not have a Sixth Amendment right to have a jury make the classification determination.
[10] Criminal Law - Punishment - Sentence - Criminal History - Prior Convictions - Juvenile Adjudications - Proof - To Jury - Necessity. The State is not required to prove a criminal defendant's prior juvenile adjudications to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt before they may be considered for purposes of calculating the defendant's offender score and standard sentencing range so long as the adjudication included constitutionally required safeguards.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for bail jumping based on the defendant's failure to appear at a scheduled hearing on a charge of unlawful possession of a controlled substance that was later dismissed.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Snohomish County, No. 03-1-00829-4, Thomas J. Wynne, J., on November 10, 2004, entered a judgment on a verdict of guilty.Court of Appeals: Holding that the penalty classification of bail jumping is not an essential element of the
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charge and is not required to be included in the charging document or in the to-convict instruction given at trial and that the defendant does not have a constitutional right to have a jury determine the penalty classification of the crime for sentencing purposes, the court affirms the judgment.
Nancy P. Collins , Washington Appellate Project, for appellant .
Janice E. Ellis , Prosecuting Attorney, Constance M. Crawley , Deputy, for respondent .
¶1 AGID, J. - A jury convicted Demetrius Williams of bail jumping based on the underlying charge of Possession of a Controlled Substance. In this appeal, he asks us to hold that the penalty classification of either the bail jumping charge or the underlying charge is an essential element of bail jumping that must be included in the information charging the crime and in the instruction telling the jury what it must find to convict the defendant. But the penalty classification is relevant only to the sentence to be imposed on conviction, a topic the jury is not even permitted to consider in its deliberations.«1»It is not an element of the crime, so there was no infirmity in the information or the "to convict" instruction here. We affirm.
FACTS
¶2 On April 11, 2003, the State charged Demetrius Williams with one count of felony Possession of a Controlled Substance (cocaine) in violation of RCW 69.50.401 (d). On
«1»The legislature classifies felonies as A, B, or C depending on their seriousness. The maximum penalty that may be imposed upon conviction is determined by the class of felony committed. RCW 9A.20.021 (1).
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October 3, 2003, the parties agreed to continue the trial until January 9, 2004. At the continuance hearing, Williams signed a two page agreed trial continuance form that included the new trial date and the date for an omnibus hearing to be held on December 4, 2003. The court released him on his own recognizance. He failed to appear for the December 4 omnibus hearing, and the court issued a bench warrant for his arrest. He was later apprehended.
¶3 On April 13, 2004, Williams filed a motion to suppress the evidence and dismiss the possession charge. On April 23, the State filed an amended information adding one count of bail jumping based on Williams' failure to appear at the December 4 omnibus hearing. On May 18, 2004, the trial court granted Williams' motion to suppress and dismissed the possession charge. The State then filed a second amended information charging only bail jumping. A jury convicted Williams on that charge, and the trial court sentenced him to 43 months in prison, the low end of the standard range for Class C felony bail jumping.
DISCUSSION
I. Essential Elements of Bail Jumping
[1-3]¶4 Williams argues for the first time on appeal that the information failed to adequately notify him of the essential elements of bail jumping. He contends the penalty class of bail jumping is an essential element of that crime, and the information must therefore identify either the class of the underlying crime on which he jumped bail or the class of bail jumping charged. Williams may raise this argument for the first time on appeal because a challenge to the sufficiency of a charging document is of constitutional magnitude.«2»We review the sufficiency of a charging document de novo.«3»However, because he raised his objection for
«2» State v. Campbell , 125 Wn.2d 797 , 800, 888 P.2d 1185 (1995).
«3» Id . at 801.
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the first time on appeal, we liberally construe the information in favor of validity.«4»
¶5 As a threshold matter, we note that the cases and analysis used to rule on the sufficiency of an information only apply if it omits an essential element of the crime. Because we hold the class of either crime is not an element of bail jumping, this line of cases is not relevant to the real issue presented. We will, however, discuss the sufficiency analysis because the parties briefed it that way.
[4]¶6 The State must inform the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.«5»The information "shall be a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged."«6»The "essential elements" rule requires that a charging document adequately identify the crime charged and allege facts supporting every element of the offense.«7»Essential elements are those necessary to establish " 'the very illegality' " of the crime itself.«8»The objective is to provide the accused with a meaningful opportunity to prepare an adequate defense.«9»
[5]¶7 RCW 9A.76.170 provides:
(1) Any person having been released by court order or admitted to bail with knowledge of the requirements of a subsequent personal appearance before any court of this state, or the requirement to report to a correctional facility for service of sentence, and who fails to appear or who fails to surrender for service of sentence as required is guilty of bail jumping.
. . . .
(3) Bail jumping is:
«4» State v. Tandecki , 153 Wn.2d 842 , 848-49, 109 P.3d 398 (2005).
«5»U.S. CONST . amend. VI; WASH. CONST . art. I, § 22 (amend. 10).
«6»CrR 2.1(a)(1).
«7» State v. Leach , 113 Wn.2d 679 , 689, 782 P.2d 552 (1989).
«8» State v. Ward , 148 Wn.2d 803 , 811, 64 P.3d 640 (2003) (quoting State v. Johnson , 119 Wn.2d 143 , 147, 829 P.2d 1078 (1992)).
«9» Tandecki , 153 Wn.2d at 846 (citing State v. Kjorsvik , 117 Wn.2d 93 , 101, 812 P.2d 86 (1991)).
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(a) A class A felony if the person was held for, charged with, or convicted of murder in the first degree;
(b) A class B felony if the person was held for, charged with, or convicted of a class A felony other than murder in the first degree;
(c) A class C felony if the person was held for, charged with, or convicted of a class B or class C felony;
(d) A misdemeanor if the person was held for, charged with, or convicted of a gross misdemeanor or misdemeanor.\ [10]
Here, both the amended information and the second amended information contained identical bail jumping language:
BAIL JUMPING, committed as follows: That the defendant, on or about the 4th day of December, 2003, being charged with Possession of a Controlled Substance, a felony, and having been released by court order with the requirement of a subsequent personal appearance before Snohomish County Superior Court, a court of the State of Washington, for Omnibus Hearing on December 4, 2003, and knowing of the requirement of the subsequent personal appearance, did fail to appear as required, proscribed by RCW 9A.76.170 (1), a felony.
We reaffirm our recent holding that the penalty classification is not an essential element of bail jumping.«11»Thus, the information charging Williams with bail jumping was adequate.
¶8 In State v. Gonzalez-Lopez ,«12»the information alleged that Gonzalez-Lopez, "being charged with Attempted Child Molestation in the First Degree, a felony, . . . did fail to appear as required, proscribed by RCW 9A.76.170 (1), a felony."«13»Gonzalez-Lopez argued the information was inadequate because it failed to allege either the class of the underlying felony or the class of the bail jumping charge. To determine whether the penalty class of bail jumping is an
«11» State v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 132 Wn. App. 622 , 132 P.3d 1128 (2006).
«12» Id .
«13» Id . at 627 (emphasis omitted).
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essential element of the crime of bail jumping, we applied the Supreme Court's analysis in State v. Miller .«14»We examined the express language of the bail jumping statute and held that RCW 9A.76.170 (1) defines all the essential elements of the crime necessary for the jury to determine guilt, and it does not include or even reference the penalty classes of bail jumping set forth in section (3). Further, we noted that nothing in the statute or case law indicates the penalty class of bail jumping is an implied essential element.«15»
¶9 Gonzalez-Lopez relied on, as Williams does here, State v. Ibsen , a decision reversing a bail jumping conviction because the information failed to reference the underlying offense.«16»We held that Ibsen was inconsistent with Miller and otherwise unpersuasive because it ignored the plain language of the bail jumping statute. We noted, "While the penalties for bail jumping are divided into classes, the crime itself is not."«17»We held that the information was sufficient under either a strict or liberal reading.
¶10 Williams makes the same argument as Gonzalez-Lopez, and it fails for the same reason. The jury need not know of or consider the penalty class of bail jumping, so the defendant need not prepare to defend against the State's allegation about the penalty for bail jumping. As such, it is not an essential element of that crime, and the information need not include it. The information in this case includes all the essential elements of bail jumping as defined in section (1) of the statute.
[6-8]¶11 Williams also argues, as Gonzalez-Lopez did, that the "to convict" instruction was inadequate because it failed to specify the class of the underlying crime.«18»We
«14»156 Wn.2d 23 , 27, 123 P.3d 827 (2005).
«15» Gonzalez-Lopez , 132 Wn. App. at 629 .
«16»98 Wn. App. 214 , 217, 989 P.2d 1184 (1999).
«17» Gonzalez-Lopez , 132 Wn. App. at 635 .
«18»A "to convict" instruction must contain all elements of the charged crime because the instruction dictates how the jury measures the evidence to determine guilt or innocence. State v. Smith , 131 Wn.2d 258 , 263, 930 P.2d 917 (1997) (citing State v. Emmanuel , 42 Wn.2d 799 , 819-20, 259 P.2d 845 (1953)).
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review challenges to jury instructions de novo.«19»Jury instructions that omit essential elements of the crime violate due process because they relieve the State of its burden to prove every essential element beyond a reasonable doubt.«20»As with the information, the class of the underlying crime merely establishes the penalty that may be imposed following a bail jumping conviction. As we held in Gonzalez-Lopez , there is no authority for the proposition that a jury may decide this sentencing question.«21»In fact, jurors are prohibited from considering punishment in their deliberations.«22»That information is superfluous, and the "to convict" instruction should not include the class of either crime.
¶12 Williams further argues the sentencing court violated Apprendi v. New Jersey «23»and Blakely v. Washington «24»by relying on a fact not found by the jury, namely that the underlying charge was a class B or C felony. Apprendi held that any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases punishment beyond the statutory maximum must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.«25» Blakely interpreted "statutory maximum" to mean the high end of the relevant standard range, or the maximum sentence the judge could impose based on the facts as found by the jury.«26»
«19» State v. Hunt , 128 Wn. App. 535 , 538, 116 P.3d 450 (2005) (citing State v. Woods , 143 Wn.2d 561 , 590, 23 P.3d 1046, cert. denied , 534 U.S. 964 (2001)).
«20» State v. Smith , 131 Wn.2d 258 , 265, 930 P.2d 917 (1997).
«21» Gonzalez-Lopez , 132 Wn. App. at 637 -38.
«22»11 WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 1.02 (2d ed. 1994) ("You have nothing whatever to do with any punishment that may be imposed in case of a violation of the law. The fact that punishment may follow conviction cannot be considered by you except insofar as it may tend to make you careful.").
«23»530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).
«24»542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004).
«25» Apprendi , 530 U.S. at 490.
«26» Blakely , 542 U.S. at 303.
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[9]¶13 The "to convict" instruction for bail jumping stated in part, "To convict [Williams] of the crime of bail jumping as charged in Count I," the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he "was charged with Possession of a Controlled Substance." Because the jury convicted Williams, it necessarily found he was charged with that crime. Bail jumping is a class C felony if the person was charged with a class B or class C felony, and the trial court sentenced Williams accordingly. RCW 9A.76.170(3)(c). There is no Apprendi problem because, as we stated in Gonzalez-Lopez , "specification of the underlying offense for the bail-jumping charge was . . . constitutionally sufficient to provide an essential element in the to convict instruction."«27»The classification for sentencing purposes of both the underlying offense and the bail jumping charge is a question of law for the judge, to be determined by reference to the statutes classifying each crime. Nothing in Apprendi requires that the jury make the classification determination.
II. Juvenile Convictions in Offender Score Calculation
[10]¶14 Finally, Williams argues that the trial court erred by considering his juvenile convictions in calculating his offender score. He contends that because a juvenile has no right to a jury trial, juvenile convictions do not fall under the "prior conviction" exception in Apprendi and Blakely . We recently resolved this issue adverse to Williams' position.«28»In State v. Weber , we agreed with the Eighth Circuit (and disagreed with the Ninth Circuit) in holding that juvenile adjudications that include constitutionally required safeguards fall within the "prior conviction" exception.«29»
«27» Gonzalez-Lopez , 132 Wn. App. at 638 .
«28» See State v. Weber , 127 Wn. App. 879 , 112 P.3d 1287 (2005), review granted , 156 Wn.2d 1010 , 132 P.3d 147 (2006).
«29» Id. at 892 (citing United States v. Smalley , 294 F.3d 1030 (8th Cir. 2002), cert. denied , 537 U.S. 1114, (2003)); but see United States v. Tighe , 266 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2001).
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¶15 Williams contends, as did Weber, the prior conviction exception has been eroded, and even if it remains valid, it does not extend to juvenile convictions.«30»He cites the Oregon Supreme Court's recent holding in State v. Harris «31»rejecting the Eighth Circuit's analysis. The Washington Supreme Court recently granted review in Weber , and it will determine whether Washington follows the Eighth Circuit or the Ninth Circuit. Until it says otherwise, we will adhere to our holding in Weber . The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value. Therefore, it will not be published but has been filed for public record. See RCW 2.06.040 ; CAR 14.
¶16 We affirm.\
SCHINDLER , A.C.J., and BAKER , J., concur.
«30» See Weber , 127 Wn. App. at 889 .
«31»339 Or. 157, 118 P.3d 236 (2005).