[No. 54841-7-I. Division One. December 19, 2005.]
FIDELITY MORTGAGE CORPORATION , Appellant , v. SEATTLE TIMES COMPANY ET AL ., Respondents . [1] Newspapers - Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Sphere of Trade or Commerce - News Articles. A newspaper news article is not published "in the conduct of any trade or commerce" within the meaning of RCW 19.86.020 and is not,
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therefore, a proper subject for a Consumer Protection Act claim; i.e., newspapers and persons identified in news articles are not subject to liability under the Consumer Protection Act for statements made or information related in such articles.
[2] Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Effect on Public Interest - Test - In General. The public interest element of a private action for damages under RCW 19.86.090 of the Consumer Protection Act is not satisfied unless the defendant's conduct induced the plaintiff to act or to refrain from acting, damaged the plaintiff, and has a real and substantial potential for repetition.
[3] Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Unfair or Deceptive Conduct - Necessity. A private action for damages under RCW 19.86.090 of the Consumer Protection Act is not stated absent evidence that an unfair or deceptive act or practice was committed.
[4] Newspapers - Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Unfair or Deceptive Conduct - Newspaper Advertising - Newspaper Liability. A newspaper generally is not subject to liability under the Consumer Protection Act (chapter 19.86 RCW) for false or misleading information contained in an advertisement appearing in the newspaper.
[5] Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Causation - Necessity. A private party cannot recover damages under the Consumer Protection Act (chapter 19.86 RCW) absent proof of a causal link between an unfair or deceptive act or practice and an injury to the party's business or property.
[6] Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Causation - Remoteness - Factors. A private action for damages under RCW 19.86.090 of the Consumer Protection Act is not stated if the causal link between the unfair or deceptive act or practice and the injury to the plaintiff's business or property is too remote. Remoteness is determined by considering the following three factors: (1) whether there are more direct victims of the alleged wrongful conduct who can be counted on to vindicate the law as private attorneys general, (2) whether it will be difficult to ascertain the amount of the plaintiff's damages attributable to the defendant's wrongful conduct, and (3) whether the courts will have to adopt complicated rules apportioning damages to obviate the risk of multiple recoveries.
[7] Consumer Protection - Action for Damages - Violation of Statute - Elements. The elements of a per se violation of the Consumer Protection Act (chapter 19.86 RCW) are (1) the existence of a pertinent statute, (2) violation of the statute, (3) damages proximately caused by the violation, and (4) membership in the class of persons protected by the statute.
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[8] Mortgages - Brokers - Mortgage Brokers - Mortgage Broker Practices Act - Action for Damages - Elements. An action for damages for a violation of the Mortgage Broker Practices Act (chapter 19.146 RCW) is not stated absent proof of causation or damages or proof that the defendant engaged in a deceptive practice in connection with a residential mortgage loan.
[9] Mortgages - Brokers - Mortgage Brokers - What Constitutes - Newspapers. A newspaper is not a "mortgage broker" within the meaning of the Mortgage Broker Practices Act (chapter 19.146 RCW).
[10] Appeal - Frivolous Appeal - Sanctions - Court's Own Motion. An appellate court may, on its own motion, impose a sanction for a frivolous appeal under RAP 18.9(a).
[11] Appeal - Frivolous Appeal - Sanctions - Attorney Fees. Under RAP 18.9(a), attorney fees may be awarded to a respondent as a sanction against the appellant for filing a frivolous appeal.
[12] Appeal - Frivolous Appeal - What Constitutes - In General. For purposes of RAP 18.9(a), under which an appellant may be sanctioned for filing a frivolous appeal, a frivolous appeal is an appeal that, when all doubts are resolved in favor of the appellant, is so devoid of merit that there is no chance of reversal.
[13] Appeal - Frivolous Appeal - What Constitutes - Authority - Claims Having No Basis in Law. An appeal may be deemed frivolous for purposes of RAP 18.9(a) where the arguments in the appellant's brief are completely unsupported by any relevant authority and the claims made by the appellant do not have any basis in law.
[14] Appeal - Frivolous Appeal - Sanctions - Against Counsel. An appellant and the appellant's counsel may both be sanctioned under RAP 18.9(a) for filing a frivolous appeal.
Nature of Action: A mortgage lender sought damages from a newspaper corporation and two other lenders on a claim that mortgage rates published in the newspaper in a weekly paid advertisement and in a quarterly rate directory were false and deceptive. The plaintiff claimed violations of the federal Truth in Lending Act, the Washington Consumer Protection Act, and the Washington Mortgage Broker Practices Act. The action was removed to federal district court for adjudication of the federal claim, which the federal court dismissed upon summary judgment. The remaining state claims were returned to state court.Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 02-2-34755-0, Charles W. Mertel, J., on April 23, July
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30, and August 23, 2004, entered summary judgments in favor of the defendants.
Court of Appeals: Holding that record did not support the Consumer Protection Act or Mortgage Broker Practices Act claims and that an attorney fee award to the defendants was warranted on the basis of a frivolous appeal, the court affirms the judgments.
Gregory P. Cavagnaro (of Law Office of Greg Cavagnaro ), for appellant.
James A. Jackson (of Reed, Longyear, Malnati, Ahrens & West, P.L.L.C. ), Thomas S. Hayward , and Bruce E.H. Johnson (of Davis Wright Tremaine, L.L.P. ), for respondents.
[As amended by order of the Court of Appeals January 27, 2006.]
<</noticeofamendment>¶1 BAKER, J. - Fidelity Mortgage sued The Seattle Times, Arboretum Mortgage, and Alpine Mortgage, alleging that the mortgage rates cited in the Seattle Times' Sunday and quarterly rate directories were false and deceptive. The superior court granted the summary judgment motions of all three defendants on the grounds that Fidelity lacked standing, having failed to produce evidence of proximate causation of damages. We affirm.
I
¶2 Each Sunday, the Seattle Times (Times) publishes a sampling of regional mortgage rates from various lenders. The Sunday chart is paid advertising for those lenders, who provide their rates via a survey sent into the Times real
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estate division. Quarterly, the Times publishes a rate chart which, unlike the weekly chart, is a news article and not paid advertising. Fidelity Mortgage Corporation (Fidelity) was listed in the chart until June 2002. Alpine Mortgage Services (Alpine) and Arboretum Mortgage Corporation (Arboretum) have been listed periodically in the quarterly news chart but not the Sunday paid advertising chart.
¶3 Ron Greene, Fidelity's Regional Manager, complained to the Times and the Department of Financial Institutions (DFI) about alleged inaccuracies in the published charts. DFI investigated and concluded that the annual percentage rates quoted in the charts were "substantially in compliance with Washington State law." Chuck Cross, DFI's Director and Enforcement Chief of the Division of Consumer Services, explained to Greene that rates in the Times' charts were within federal "tolerance" guidelines under the Federal Truth in Lending Act. In other words, because the quoted rates deviated only slightly from the actual rates offered, there was no violation of federal or state law.
¶4 Nevertheless, Fidelity sued the Times, Alpine, and Arboretum for violations of the federal Truth in Lending Act«1»(TILA), the Washington Consumer Protection Act«2»(CPA), and the Washington Mortgage Broker Practices Act«3»(WMBPA), claiming that the interest rates listed in the Times' mortgage rate charts were misleading to consumers and unfair to competitors. The federal district court granted summary judgment to the defendants on the TILA claim and the remaining state claims were returned to state court. Fidelity did not appeal the federal court's ruling.
¶5 Fidelity claims damages because it alleges that misleading rate quotes in the Times unfairly drew business away from Fidelity. Ron Greene appeared at a Civil Rule
«1»15 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1667f.
«2»Ch. 19.86 RCW.
«3»Ch. 19.146 RCW.
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30(b)(6) deposition to discuss damages. Greene's estimate of the amount of damages was "more than a thousand dollars" but "less than a billion." Greene could not name any borrower who went to Alpine or Arboretum instead of Fidelity. After Greene's deposition, Fidelity engaged a statistical expert who calculated that Fidelity had lost $533,438 in loans between January 2002 and June 2003 as a result of the publications.«4»Two declarations were also filed relating to loans allegedly diverted from Fidelity. Neither incident recounted in the declarations involved Alpine or Arboretum.
¶6 The Times, Alpine, and Arboretum all moved for summary judgment, arguing that Fidelity had no standing under the WMBPA or the CPA. The trial court granted most of the motions but reserved judgment on the CPA unfair competition claims against Alpine and Arboretum. The court called in Chuck Cross to explain DFI's findings on the Times' charts. Mr. Cross explained that the costs and rates of mortgages are very case-specific and can fluctuate from loan to loan, particularly with adjustable rate mortgages. He reiterated that if the quoted annual percentage rate is within the federal tolerance guidelines, as is the case with the Times charts, then state law is satisfied. The trial court granted summary judgment to Alpine and Arboretum.
II
¶7 When reviewing a summary judgment, we engage in the same inquiry as the trial court.«5»We consider the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file show that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and
«4»This estimate includes loans lost to all Puget Sound area lenders, not just those allegedly lost to Alpine or Arboretum.
«5» Wilson v. Steinbach , 98 Wn.2d 434 , 437, 656 P.2d 1030 (1982).
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that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.«6»
A. Consumer Protection Act
¶8 The CPA prohibits "[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce."«7»"Trade" and "commerce" are defined as "the sale of assets or services, and any commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of the state of Washington."«8»Fidelity argues that the Times, Alpine, and Arboretum can be liable under the CPA for the knowing publication of false, misleading, or deceptive material.
[1]¶9 As a threshold matter, the quarterly rate chart is not paid advertising. It is a news article, and as such it is not published "in the conduct of any trade or commerce." It does not fall within those activities governed by RCW 19.86.020. Fidelity cites no authority holding that newspapers can be held liable under the CPA for statements made in news articles. The trial court properly found for the Times on the CPA claim as it relates to the quarterly chart. Because Alpine and Arboretum were only listed in the quarterly news chart, they were not engaging in trade or commerce, and the trial court correctly found for those defendants on the CPA claim as well.
[2]¶10 With respect to the Sunday advertising charts, the only defendant is the Times. A CPA civil suit for damages may be brought by "[a]ny person who is injured in his or her business or property by a violation" of the act.«9»This right of action allows private citizens to protect the public interest by showing that
(1) the defendant by unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of trade or commerce has induced the plaintiff to act or refrain from acting; (2) the plaintiff suffers damage brought
«6»CR 56(c).
«7»RCW 19.86.020 .
«8»RCW 19.86.010 (2).
«9»RCW 19.86.090 .
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about by such action or failure to act; and (3) the defendant's deceptive acts or practices have the potential for repetition.«10»
¶11 The Times did not induce Fidelity to act or refrain from acting. Fidelity's claim rests on the assumption that the "misleading" rates induced unknown third parties to act. These third parties might have been considering Fidelity for their residential loan, might have read the Times' chart, might have been misled by rate quotes that were not precise enough, and might have refrained from obtaining a Fidelity mortgage as a result. There is no indication that Fidelity acted or refrained from acting as a result of the Times' rate charts.
[3]¶12 Further, Fidelity has failed to establish that the acts complained of constitute unfair or deceptive acts. The federal district court found against Fidelity on its TILA claims, and Fidelity has not challenged that action. Fidelity's claim that the rates are inaccurate is defeated by the failure of its TILA claim combined with the direct testimony of Mr. Cross, who told Fidelity and the trial court numerous times that if a published rate complies with TILA, then state law is satisfied.
[4]¶13 In addition, Fidelity cites no authority for the proposition that a newspaper can be held liable under the CPA with respect to advertisements. The cases cited place liability on the advertiser or involve a statute specifically prohibiting false or illegal advertising. People ex rel. Hartigan, v. Maclean Hunter Publishing Corp. ,«11»cited by Fidelity, actually defeats its argument. In Hartigan , the Illinois Attorney General sued the publisher of a book containing used automobile values under Illinois' Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 505/1-505/12).«12»The publisher boasted in advertisements that the book contained "accurate," "current,"
«10» Anhold v. Daniels , 94 Wn.2d 40 , 46, 614 P.2d 184 (1980).
«11»119 Ill. App. 3d 1049, 457 N.E.2d 480 (1983).
«12» Hartigan , 457 N.E.2d at 482.
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"dependable," and "average" values,«13»when in fact the state had provided evidence that the values were inaccurate.«14»The appeals court found that the state could maintain the action with respect to the publisher's advertised claims of "accuracy" and "dependability." However, the court held that the publisher could not be held liable under the act for the inaccurate car valuations.
¶14 The Hartigan court only held the publisher liable with respect to those statements it made as a direct advertiser of its book, not the misstatements of car values the book contained.«15»To follow the Hartigan reasoning, if the Times had advertised that its Sunday or quarterly rate charts were "accurate" or "official" in an attempt to unfairly compete with other newspapers, then there might be a CPA claim against the Times by competing newspapers. But an action by a mortgage broker based on inaccurate rate quotes does not arise. Fidelity contends that certain statements accompanying the chart qualify as misleading advertisements under Hartigan . However, the Sunday chart includes numerous disclaimers which caution consumers about the vagaries of the mortgage business.«16»
[5, 6]¶15 Finally, Fidelity failed to demonstrate that its alleged damages were proximately caused by the defendants. To prevail in its CPA claim, Fidelity must show a causal link between the unfair or deceptive acts and the injury suffered.«17»The test for whether causation is "too remote" has been outlined by the Ninth Circuit:
"(1) [W]hether there are more direct victims of the alleged wrongful conduct who can be counted on to vindicate the law as
«13» Hartigan , 457 N.E.2d at 482.
«14» Hartigan , 457 N.E.2d at 482-83.
«15» Hartigan , 457 N.E.2d at 487.
«16»Examples include: "Rates were provided on Thursday by the lenders and are subject to change without notice;" "Rates are provided for information and comparison purposes only;" "Lock in periods vary from 30 to 60 days;" and "Check with lender for specifics."
«17» Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co. , 105 Wn.2d 778 , 785, 719 P.2d 531 (1986).
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private attorneys general; (2) whether it will be difficult to ascertain the amount of the plaintiff's damages attributable to defendant's wrongful conduct; and (3) whether the courts will have to adopt complicated rules apportioning damages to obviate the risk of multiple recoveries."«18»
¶16 There is no proximate causation on these facts. There are more direct victims of this alleged wrongdoing: consumers who may be lured into obtaining mortgages at rates other than those advertised. There are also staggering complexities in ascertaining how many loans were diverted from Fidelity as a result of the Times' chart. Finally the apportionment of damages among the hundreds of lenders and the Times based on degree of fault, causation, number of loans diverted, and potential profitability of the loans is also incredibly complex.
[7]¶17 Fidelity cannot maintain its claim of a per se violation of the CPA. A plaintiff must show " '(1) the existence of a pertinent statute; (2) its violation; (3) that such violation was the proximate cause of damages sustained; and (4) that they were within the class of people the statute sought to protect.' "«19»As explained above, Fidelity has not met prongs (2) and (3) of this test.
¶18 Fidelity has failed to make any showing of standing, wrongdoing, causation, or damages and has not created a genuine issue of material fact for trial. The trial court properly dismissed all of Fidelity's CPA claims.
B. Washington Mortgage Broker Practices Act
[8, 9]¶19 The WMBPA states in relevant part that it is unlawful for a
«18» Ass'n of Wash. Pub. Hosp. Dists. v. Philip Morris, Inc. , 241 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Or. Laborers-Employers Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc ., 185 F.3d 957, 963 (9th Cir. 1999)). This test is initially described in the opinion in relation to antitrust claims but is reapplied to Washington CPA claims later at 241 F.3d at 706.
«19» Keyes v. Bollinger , 31 Wn. App. 286 , 290, 640 P.2d 1077 (1982) (quoting Dempsey v. Joe Pignataro Chevrolet, Inc ., 22 Wn. App. 384 , 393, 589 P.2d 1265 (1979)).
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[L]oan originator, mortgage broker required to be licensed under this chapter . . . in connection with a residential mortgage loan to:
(1) Directly or indirectly employ any scheme, device, or artifice to defraud or mislead borrowers or lenders or to defraud any person;
(2) Engage in any unfair or deceptive practice toward any person;
. . . .
(7) Make, in any manner, any false or deceptive statement or representation with regard to the rates, points, or other financing terms or conditions for a residential mortgage loan or engage in bait and switch advertising; . . . . «20»
A "mortgage broker" is defined as "any person who for compensation or gain . . . makes a residential mortgage loan or assists a person in obtaining or applying to obtain a residential mortgage loan" or holds himself or herself out as able to do the same.«21»Any violation of the WMBPA is a also a violation of RCW 19.86.020 , the unfair competition section of the CPA.
¶20 Fidelity argues that the Times, Alpine, and Arboretum have violated the WMBPA by engaging in false and misleading "advertising" in the rate charts. While Alpine and Arboretum are clearly covered by the definition of "mortgage broker" under the act, Fidelity contends that the Times is also covered because it has "rendered material, ongoing assistance to a number of mortgage brokers in violating the [W]MBPA."
¶21 Fidelity cannot maintain a claim under the WMBPA. Although Alpine and Arboretum are mortgage brokers, Fidelity lacks standing because of a failure to prove causation and damages. The same analysis that applies to the CPA claims applies here. Also, there is no evidence that Alpine and Arboretum have engaged in any deceptive practices "in connection with a residential mortgage loan" as required by RCW 19.146.0201 . Fidelity has
«20»RCW 19.146.0201 (emphasis added).
«21»RCW 19.146.010 (12).
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not produced a single example of a consumer deceived by Alpine or Arboretum. The Times is a newspaper, not a lender or broker. Fidelity's description of the Times does not remotely fit the definition of a mortgage broker, and the Times is not subject to the provisions of the WMBPA.«22»No genuine issue of material fact has been raised. The trial court correctly found against Fidelity on all claims.
C. Frivolous Appeal
[10-12]¶22 Alpine and Arboretum request attorney fees for defending a frivolous appeal. The Times is silent on the issue, but RAP 18.9 provides that this court may consider sanctions for a frivolous appeal sua sponte:
[t]he appellate court on its own initiative or on motion of a party may order a party or counsel . . . who uses these rules for the purpose of delay, files a frivolous appeal, or fails to comply with these rules to pay terms or compensatory damages to any other party who has been harmed by the delay or the failure to comply or to pay sanctions to the court.«23»
¶23 A frivolous appeal is one which, when all doubts are resolved in favor of the appellant, is so devoid of merit that there is no chance of reversal.«24»This appeal is not based on subtle or even gross distinctions of law. Since 2002, Fidelity has been told by every authority it has approached that the challenged charts are legal. The DFI, the federal district court, and finally the trial court all concluded that the mortgage rates provided in the Times' charts were within federal guidelines and were not illegal. The trial court also expressly stated that it found "no evidence" of any proximate causation of damages by any defendant. Yet Fidelity pressed its claim, arguing (with no basis in law and
«22»Fidelity argues for the first time in its reply brief that the Times' website is a "computer loan information system," also covered by the WMBPA. An issue raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief is too late to warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley , 118 Wn.2d 801 , 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992).
«23»RAP 18.9(a).
«24» Streater v. White , 26 Wn. App. 430 , 434-35, 613 P.2d 187 (1980).
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contrary to DFI's repeated assurances) that the WMBPA requires more than compliance with federal standards, and that its damages are direct.
[13, 14]¶24 The trial court, to its credit, did express concern with Fidelity's allegations and took great pains to verify that DFI was living up to its obligations as the protector of consumer interests. However, the law was clear. The trial court acknowledged this and properly entered summary judgment in favor of Alpine, Arboretum, and the Times. Fidelity's brief on appeal is totally devoid of any relevant authority to support its arguments, and its claims do not have any basis in law. There was no possibility of reversal in this case, and reasonable minds could not differ as to the proper outcome. Fidelity and its counsel, Gregory P. Cavagnaro, shall be required to pay the attorney fees and costs on appeal to the Times, Arboretum, and Alpine.
¶25 Affirmed.\
BECKER and ELLINGTON , JJ., concur.Reconsideration granted and opinion modified January 27, 2006.