125 Wn. App. 869, Fisher v. Dep't of Health

[No. 22259-4-III. Division Three. February 15, 2005.]

MARCY FISHER , Individually and on Behalf of a Class , Appellant , v. THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH , ET AL ., Respondents .

[1] Statutes - Construction - Review - Standard of Review. An appellate court reviews the trial court's interpretation of a statute de novo.

[2] Statutes - Construction - Ambiguity - Clear Statutory Language - In General. When interpreting an unambiguous statute, a court presumes that the legislature means exactly what it says. Plain words do not require judicial construction. The meaning is derived from the language of the statute itself. A statute is not ambiguous unless it can reasonably be interpreted in two or more ways. A court is not obliged to discern any ambiguity by imagining a variety of alternative interpretations.

[3] Statutes - Construction - Meaning of Words - Statutory Definition - Effect. A court will not ignore statutory definitions of statutory words.

[4] Statutes - Construction - Amendment - Judicial Amendment - Guise of Construction. A court may not rewrite a statute in the guise of construing it.

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[5] Statutes - Uniform Law - Construction - Changes - Legislative Intent. Legislative changes to the language of a uniform law lead conclusively to the view that the language was changed in order to effect the resulting substantive change. The substituted language, not the rejected language, expresses the legislature's intent.

[6] Statutes - Uniform Law - Construction - Changes - Conflicts - Correction - Responsibility of Legislature. Conflicts in uniform laws created when the legislature modifies one provision but not another must be corrected by the legislature, not the courts.

[7] Medical Treatment - Medical Records - Confidentiality - Uniform Health Care Information Act - Right of Action - Class of Defendants - Scope - Limitation. The Uniform Health Care Information Act (chapter 70.02 RCW) creates a right of action for a violation thereof solely against a health care provider or health care facility as defined by the act. The act does not create a right of action against any other parties. Neither the Department of Health nor the Medical Quality Assurance Commission nor the Office of the Attorney General is a health care provider or facility within the meaning of the act.

[8] Judgment - Summary Judgment - Review - Role of Appellate Court. An appellate court reviews a summary judgment de novo, engaging in the same inquiry as the trial court and applying the standard set forth in CR 56(c) after viewing the facts of the case and the reasonable inferences from the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

[9] Judgment - Summary Judgment - Burden on Moving Party - In General. A party seeking a summary judgment has the burden of showing that no genuine dispute exists as to any material fact.

[10] Judgment - Summary Judgment - Issues of Fact - Determination as a Matter of Law - In General. A question of fact may be decided as a matter of law in a summary judgment proceeding if reasonable minds could reach only one conclusion.

[11] Privacy - Invasion of Privacy - Intrusion Upon Solitude or Private Affairs - Right of Action - Elements - Intent - Necessity. A common law cause of action for invasion of privacy by intrusion into private affairs requires an intentional intrusion, physical or otherwise, into a person's solitude, seclusion, or private affairs. The intruder must have acted deliberately to achieve the result, with the certain belief that the result would happen.[12] Privacy - Invasion of Privacy - Intrusion Upon Solitude or Private Affairs - By Government - Constitutional Violation - In General. An intrusion by the government into an individual's

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private affairs is a violation of Const. art. I, § 7, which prohibits the government from disturbing any person in his or her private affairs or effects without authority of law. Intent is not a factor in establishing a violation of Const. art. I, § 7. [ Dictum .]

[13] Privacy - Invasion of Privacy - Public Disclosure of Private Information - Right of Action - Publicity - Nature - Scope. A plaintiff may not recover damages for an invasion of privacy against a defendant who has given publicity to a matter concerning the plaintiff's private life unless the publicized matter is of a kind that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. "Publicity" means communication to the public at large so that the matter is substantially certain to become public knowledge; communication to a single person or a small group is insufficient to constitute "publicity."

[14] Privacy - Invasion of Privacy - Public Disclosure of Private Information - Right of Action - Dissemination of Names and Prescribed Drugs. The limited dissemination of a list of names of thousands of people and the medications prescribed to them, with no additional identifying information, is not so offensive as to be actionable as an invasion of privacy by a person on the list.

[15] Constitutional Law - Right to Privacy - Federal Guaranty - In General. Individuals enjoy constitutional protection from government invasions of their right to privacy arising from the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments, and the fundamental concept of liberty.

[16] Constitutional Law - Right to Privacy - Interests Protected - Confidentiality - Test. An individual's interest in the government not disclosing personal information about the individual is not a fundamental right. Whether a disclosure effects a constitutional violation is determined by applying a rational basis test on a case-by-case basis. Under the rational basis test, the disclosure must serve a legitimate government interest and must be no greater than is reasonably necessary to serve that interest.

[17] Outrage - Elements - In General. The elements of the tort of outrage are (1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress, and (3) severe emotional distress actually resulting therefrom.

[18] Outrage - Elements - Nature of Conduct - Negligence. Mere negligence is insufficient to satisfy the extreme and outrageous conduct element of the tort of outrage.

[19] Outrage - Elements - Emotional Distress - Sufficiency - Nervous and Upset. Entirely subjective evidence of emotional distress, such as having trouble sleeping and being nervous and upset, is insufficient to satisfy the severe emotional distress element of the tort of outrage.

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Nature of Action: A patient of a physician under investigation by the Medical Quality Assurance Commission whose patient medical records had been given by the Office of the Attorney General to an attorney who had filed a public disclosure request with the Department of Health sought damages from the Department of Health and the Office of the Attorney General for violations of the Uniform Health Care Information Act and for invasion of privacy by publication and by intrusion, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and outrage. The plaintiff's name, along with the medicines prescribed to her by the physician, was in a record that listed thousands of other patient names and the medicines they had been prescribed.

Superior Court: After certifying the action as to all patients on the list as a class action, the Superior Court for Spokane County, No. 01-2-03075-7, Kathleen M. O'Connor, J., on April 5, 2002, entered a summary judgment dismissing all claims against the Department of Health and dismissing each common law claim against the Office of the Attorney General, concluding that each claim lacked proof of an essential element. On July 7, 2003, the court entered a summary judgment dismissing the Health Care Information Act claim against the Office of the Attorney General.

Court of Appeals: Holding that the plaintiff failed to state any cause of action, the court affirms the judgments.

Robert A. Dunn (of Dunn & Black, P.S. ) and Daniel E. Huntington (of Richter-Wimberley, P.S. ), for appellant .

John C. Riseborough and Laura D. McAloon , for respondents .

¶1 SWEENEY , A.C.J . - The essential question in this dispute is whether a patient whose medical records have been disseminated in violation of the apparent purpose of

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Washington's Uniform Health Care Information Act (Act), chapter 70.02 RCW, can sue state agencies, including the Department of Health and the Office of the Attorney General.

¶2 Both (the attorney general's office through the Department of Health) received health care information about the plaintiffs as part of their investigation of a complaint against a physician. The attorney general's office then gratuitously handed this information over to a private attorney, an attorney suing the same doctor on behalf of other patients. But the remedies provision of the Act provides that any aggrieved person may sue "a health care provider or facility." RCW 70.02.170 (1). The government agencies here are neither health care providers nor facilities. Moreover, this language is a departure from the more expansive language found in the model uniform health care information act. We therefore conclude, based on this unambiguous language, that plaintiffs cannot sue the Department of Health or the Office of the Attorney General under the Act. We affirm the trial court's dismissal. We also affirm the trial court's summary dismissal of Marcy Fisher's common law causes of action.

FACTS

¶3 Attorney Robert Crotty complained to the Washington State Medical Quality Assurance Commission about Spokane physician Milan Jeckle. The Assurance Commission is the investigative arm of the Department of Health. The Assurance Commission then investigated Dr. Jeckle's compliance with state licensing rules. It ordered Dr. Jeckle to turn over patient records. He did. Those records included lists and medication sheets, which contained over 3,000 dated entries of patient names and drugs prescribed. Federal drug enforcement regulations require these medication sheets. These sheets included information on Marcy Fisher.

¶4 The Department of Health turned the case over to the Office of the Attorney General once the case reached the hearing stage. This is standard practice.

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¶5 Meanwhile, Mr. Crotty filed a public disclosure act request with the Department of Health for "the complete file regarding Milan Jeckle, M.D." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 110, 118. The Department of Health responded that it could not release material from an open complaint file. Instead it sent Mr. Crotty 32 documents from several closed files on Dr. Jeckle.

¶6 But the attorney general's office sent Mr. Crotty, upon his request, the complete file. Mr. Crotty copied the file for a Seattle law firm that was also representing patients suing Dr. Jeckle. During Dr. Jeckle's deposition by Mr. Crotty, it became apparent that Mr. Crotty was in possession of these patient records. Mr. Crotty's records and those of the Seattle firm were eventually turned over to a court-appointed discovery master.

¶7 Dr. Jeckle told his patients, including Ms. Fisher, that their patient records had been given to Mr. Crotty.

¶8 Ms. Fisher sued the Department of Health and the Office of the Attorney General for damages. She alleged violations of the Act and common law, including invasion of privacy by publication and by intrusion, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and the tort of outrage. The court certified her action as to all patients on these lists as a class action.

¶9 The State moved for summary judgment on April 5, 2002. It argued that the Department of Health complied with chapter 70.02 RCW. The court agreed and dismissed all claims against the health department. The court also concluded that each common law claim lacked proof of an essential element and dismissed them. The court, however, first rejected the State's arguments that the attorney general's office was not liable because (1) the Act did not provide a cause of action against government agencies; (2) the attorney general's office was not an agency for the purposes of the Act; and (3) it enjoyed prosecutorial immunity in any event. But the case remained open in April 2003 for reasons not apparent from the record. The State again moved to dismiss the Health Care Information Act claim

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against the attorney general's office, this time based on Murphy v. State .«1»The court concluded that the Murphy case was dispositive and dismissed Ms. Fisher's remaining claim.

DISCUSSION

[1]¶10 Our interpretation of this statute is de novo. Rettkowski v. Dep't of Ecology , 128 Wn.2d 508 , 515, 910 P.2d 462 (1996).

[2, 3]¶11 A statute is ambiguous when it can reasonably be interpreted in more than one way. Kilian v. Atkinson , 147 Wn.2d 16 , 20-21, 50 P.3d 638 (2002). But when the meaning of statutory language is plain, the statute is not ambiguous. The only permissible interpretation is that which gives effect to the statute's plain language. Rozner v. City of Bellevue , 116 Wn.2d 342 , 347, 804 P.2d 24 (1991). Said another way, we assume the legislature means exactly what it says. Berger v. Sonneland , 144 Wn.2d 91 , 105, 26 P.3d 257 (2001). We will not ignore definitions included in the statute by the legislature. Am. Cont'l Ins. Co. v. Steen , 151 Wn.2d 512 , 518, 91 P.3d 864 (2004). Nor do we search for ambiguity by imagining alternative interpretations of clear language. W. Telepage, Inc. v. City of Tacoma Dep't of Fin. , 140 Wn.2d 599 , 608, 998 P.2d 884 (2000).

UNIFORM HEALTH CARE INFORMATION ACT

¶12 The Act prevents the unauthorized dissemination of health care information by health care providers. RCW 70.02.020 . "Health care information" is information, in any form, that "identifies or can readily be associated with the identity of a patient" and directly relates to health care. RCW 70.02.010 (6). The "med sheets" here are health care information. CP at 180.


«1» Murphy v. State , 115 Wn. App. 297 , 62 P.3d 533 (2003), cert. denied , 124 S. Ct. 2812 (2004).


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¶13 The provisions of the Act in dispute read:

(1) A person who has complied with this chapter may maintain an action for the relief provided in this section against a health care provider or facility who has not complied with this chapter.

(2) The court may order the health care provider or other person to comply with this chapter.

RCW 70.02.170 (emphasis added).

¶14 A "health care provider" is a person who is licensed to provide health care. RCW 70.02.010 (7). A "health care facility" is a place where a health care provider provides health care. RCW 70.02.010 (5). The term "person" is a catch-all definition. So, for example, government agencies are "persons," as are any other undefined legal or commercial entities. RCW 70.02.010 (11).

[4-7]¶15 The question here is whether government agencies are then subject to these remedy provisions. They are not.

¶16 RCW 70.02.170 (1) creates this statutory cause of action. It says who may sue whom: "A person who has complied with this chapter may maintain an action for the relief provided in this section against a health care provider or facility who has not complied . . . ." By its plain language, then, RCW 70.02.170 (1) creates a right of action solely against a health care provider or facility who has not complied. But it does not set out a right of action against any "other person," including a government agency.

¶17 RCW 70.02.170 (2) spells out the available remedies. It says the court may award limited damages and order a health care provider or other person to comply with the Act.

¶18 Ms. Fisher contends that making "other persons" subject to orders of the court in subsection (2) requires us to read "other persons" into subsection (1) as potential defendants. To do otherwise, she contends, is inconsistent with the legislative purpose as set forth in the preamble and the substantive provisions regulating agency actions.

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¶19 The State responds that the standing created in subsection (1) is plain, and that subsection (2) can be reconciled. The term "persons" is not the inclusive term as defined. Rather, it means individuals associated with a health care provider who would be subject to any injunctive orders imposed on the provider. Because the remedy provisions are not ambiguous, the State contends, they are not subject to judicial construction.

¶20 We recently interpreted the Act's civil remedy provisions in a related case. In Jeckle v. Crotty , Dr. Jeckle sued Mr. Crotty for violating the Act for the release of these same records. Jeckle v. Crotty , 120 Wn. App. 374 , 85 P.3d 931, review denied , 152 Wn.2d 1029 (2004). We held that the plain language of the statute does not provide Dr. Jeckle with a right of action because an attorney is not a health care provider or facility. Id. at 385-86.

¶21 We cannot rewrite the Act. The language is unambiguous.

¶22 And, if that were not enough, the legislature changed this language from the original (and more expansive) language of the uniform law. The uniform law creates a right of action for any aggrieved person to seek the relief provided. UNIF. HEALTH-CARE INFORMATION ACT § 8-103(a), 9 Part 1B U.L.A. 230 (1999) ("A person aggrieved by a violation of this [Act] may maintain an action for relief as provided in this section."). It does not restrict the class of potential defendants. Our legislature deleted this open-ended language and substituted the more restrictive language at issue here. LAWS OF 1991, ch. 335. And this is important. Legislative changes to the language of a uniform law lead "conclusively" to the view that the language was changed in order to effect the resulting substantive change. State v. Cleppe , 96 Wn.2d 373 , 378, 635 P.2d 435 (1981). The substituted language, not the rejected language, then expresses the true legislative intent. Id. at 380.

¶23 After changing subsection (1), the legislature left the remedies unchanged in subsection (2), which provides an injunctive remedy against "other persons." RCW

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70.02.170(2). Ms. Fisher's point is well taken that the identity of the persons subject to orders by the court in subsection (2) is mysterious if persons cannot be brought before the court in subsection (1). But conflicts in uniform laws created when the legislature modifies one provision but not another must be corrected by the legislature, not us. Cleppe , 96 Wn.2d at 380 . We are bound to presume that the legislature inserted limiting language where none previously existed because it intended to impose the resulting limitation. The plain language of RCW 70.02.170 (1) then creates a right of action solely against health care providers and facilities.

¶24 There may well be a constitutional dimension to Ms. Fisher's claims but it is neither briefed nor argued and so we will not address it.

COMMON LAW CAUSES OF ACTION

[8-10]¶25 We review summary judgments de novo and perform the same inquiry as the trial court. Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 146 Wn.2d 291 , 300, 45 P.3d 1068 (2002). Summary judgment is proper when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." CR 56(c). All facts and reasonable inferences are considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Mountain Park Homeowners Ass'n v. Tydings , 125 Wn.2d 337 , 341, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994). The State bears the burden of showing no genuine dispute exists as to any material facts. Folsom v. Burger King , 135 Wn.2d 658 , 663, 958 P.2d 301 (1998). Questions of fact may be determined as a matter of law when reasonable minds can reach only one conclusion. Hartley v. State , 103 Wn.2d 768 , 775, 698 P.2d 77 (1985).

Invasion of Privacy by Intrusion on Seclusion

[11, 12]¶26 Washington recognizes a common law cause of action for invasion of privacy. Reid v. Pierce County , 136 Wn.2d 195 , 206, 961 P.2d 333 (1998).

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¶27 Invasion of privacy by intrusion consists of a deliberate intrusion, physical or otherwise, into a person's solitude, seclusion, or private affairs. The intruder must have acted deliberately to achieve the result, with the certain belief that the result would happen. Estate of Jordan v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. , 120 Wn.2d 490 , 505-06, 844 P.2d 403 (1993). Intent is thus an essential element. Id. When the intruder is the government, the intrusion is a violation of article I, section 7 of our constitution. It prohibits the government from disturbing any person in his or her private affairs or effects without authority of law. Intent is not a factor.

¶28 Ms. Fisher presented the facts here as an intentional personal tort. The trial court then ruled, correctly, that Ms. Fisher could not establish the intent element. No finder of fact could find that the attorney general's office deliberately embarked on a course of conduct guaranteed to result in an unlawful disclosure with the intent of causing distress or embarrassment to any identifiable person. The court correctly dismissed this cause of action.

Invasion of Privacy by Publication

[13-16]¶29 A second form of the common law tort of invasion of privacy requires publicizing the private affairs of another if the matter publicized would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. Reid , 136 Wn.2d at 205 ; RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D (1977). Ms. Fisher argues that the disclosure of the Dr. Jeckle file by the attorney general's office to Mr. Crotty was such a publication. The court ruled that what happened here was not a "publication." Ms. Fisher acknowledges that publicity for the purposes of section 652D means communication to the public at large so that the matter is substantially certain to become public knowledge, and that communication to a single person or a small group does not qualify. Appellant's Br. at 32-33 (citing RESTATEMENT , supra , § 652D, cmt. a). But she relies on cases in which the highly offensive nature of the material outweighed the limited scope of the publicity. In Reid , for

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example, a former coroner's employee displayed autopsy photographs to his friends. Reid , 136 Wn.2d at 199 -200.

¶30 But the inclusion of a name, with no additional identifying information on a list of thousands, and simply naming drugs prescribed, does not compare to the highly offensive communications cited by her as comparable.

¶31 Again, people enjoy constitutional protections from government invasion of their right to privacy arising from the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments as well as the fundamental concept of liberty. Whalen v. Roe , 429 U.S. 589, 598 n.23, 97 S. Ct. 869, 51 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1977); Borucki v. Ryan , 827 F.2d 836, 839-40 (1st Cir. 1987). But Washington does not recognize the interest in nondisclosure of personal information as a fundamental right. And so we apply the rational basis test on a case-by-case basis. The disclosure must serve a legitimate state interest and must be no greater than is reasonably necessary. O'Hartigan v. Dep't of Pers. , 118 Wn.2d 111 , 117, 821 P.2d 44 (1991).

¶32 Here, the government may have had no legitimate interest in the dissemination of this private information sufficient to outweigh Ms. Fisher's protected privacy interest. But she must show that the extent of the dissemination outweighed her own privacy interest. The court correctly ruled that the element of publication constituting an invasion of privacy was not established as a matter of law.

Outrage

[17]¶33 Finally, Ms. Fisher failed to establish the elements of the common law tort of outrage. The tort of outrage requires a showing of extreme and outrageous conduct and the intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress. Rice v. Janovich , 109 Wn.2d 48 , 61, 742 P.2d 1230 (1987). The plaintiff must establish actual severe emotional distress. Reid , 136 Wn.2d at 202 .

¶34 Ms. Fisher argues that these elements are inherently factual, and only a jury can determine whether the

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conduct of the attorney general's office was outrageous and whether the subjective symptoms Ms. Fisher described evidenced severe emotional distress.

[18, 19]¶35 But again, viewing the record in the light most favorable to Ms. Fisher, she can establish no more than negligence. The assistant attorney general did not know the file contained medical information about persons other than Mr. Crotty's own clients. Ms. Fisher's evidence of emotional distress was, moreover, entirely subjective and the symptoms claimed were not severe. She had trouble sleeping and had been nervous and upset. She did not see a doctor about her symptoms.

¶36 We affirm the court's summary dismissal.

KURTZ and BROWN , JJ ., concur .