CITE: 55 Wn. App. 685, 780 P.2d 260
ODEGAARD v. EVERETT SCHOOL DIST.
CAUSE NUMBER: 22190-6-I
FILE DATE: August 7, 1989
CASE TITLE: Joanne Odegaard, Appellant, v. Everett School District No. 2, Respondent.
[1] Certiorari - Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Judicial Function - Test. An administrative decision is reviewable by a writ of certiorari under RCW 7.16.040 only if it is quasi-judicial in nature. A decision is quasi-judicial in nature if a court could have been charged with making it initially, it is one that the courts historically have made, it involves the application of existing law to facts for the purpose of declaring or enforcing liability, and it resembles the ordinary business of courts.
[2] Certiorari - Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Discretionary Decision - Writ of Certiorari. An administrative decision that represents no more than an exercise of administrative discretion is not quasi-judicial in nature and is not reviewable by a writ of certiorari under RCW 7.16.040.
[3] Schools - Administrators - Transfer to Certificated Position - Judicial Review - Certiorari. A school board's decision to transfer an administrator to a subordinate certificated position pursuant to RCW 28A.67.073 is not subject to judicial review by means of a writ of certiorari under RCW 7.16.040, regardless of the school board's motivation.
[4] Administrative Law - Judicial Review - Inherent Power - Alternative Remedy. A trial court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to exercise its inherent right to review an administrative decision if the refusal is based on the existence of an alternative adequate remedy at law.
NATURE OF ACTION: A public school principal sought judicial review of her transfer to a teaching position.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Snohomish County, No. 88-2-01516-1, Daniel T. Kershner, J., on April 7, 1988, entered a judgment in favor of the school district.
Court of Appeals: Holding that, in deciding to transfer the plaintiff, the school district was not exercising a judicial function, that an alternative adequate remedy at law existed, and that the district's decision was not reviewable by a statutory writ of certiorari or under the trial court's inherent power of review, the court AFFIRMS the judgment.
COUNSEL: JULIAN C. DEWELL, TODD STARTZEL, and ANDERSON, HUNTER, DEWELL, BAKER & COLLINS, for appellant.
LAWRENCE B. HANNAH, JOAN CAPLAN CLARKE, and PERKINS COIE, for respondent.
AUTHOR OF MAJORITY OPINION: Coleman, C.J.-
MAJORITY OPINION:
Dr. Joanne Odegaard appeals from the trial court order denying her application for a writ of certiorari. She sought review of the Everett School District's decision to transfer her from a principalship to a teaching position.
Odegaard was the principal of Hawthorne Elementary School in 1984-86. She took a sabbatical leave in 1986-87, and when she returned, she served as principal of Silver Lake Elementary School in 1987-88. On February 9, 1988, the Everett School District superintendent notified Odegaard that she would be demoted to a subordinated certificated (teaching) position for the 1988-89 school year.
Odegaard requested a meeting with the District's board of directors pursuant to RCW 28A.67.073, which provides in part that a principal transferred to a teaching position "shall be given the opportunity to meet informally with the board of directors in an executive session thereof for the purpose of requesting the board to reconsider the decision of the superintendent." RCW 28A.67.073. Odegaard appeared at the March 7, 1988, meeting with her attorney and submitted a 17-page memorandum and 76 pages of exhibits to the board members. The Board informed Odegaard by letter of March 11 that it supported the superintendent's decision to transfer her to a teaching position based on the Board's concerns about her effectiveness as a principal and its belief that the transfer was in the best interests of the District.
Odegaard filed a motion in superior court requesting that the court issue a writ of certiorari or a writ of prohibition to review the legality of the District's actions. In her petition to the court and in oral argument on the motion, Odegaard also asked the court to exercise its inherent powers to review administrative decisions. On April 7, 1988, the trial court entered an order denying the request for the writs and dismissing Odegaard's action.
We first address appellant's argument that the trial court erred by refusing to issue a writ of certiorari to review the District's decision to transfer appellant to a teaching position. The statutory writ of certiorari is an extraordinary remedy. STATE EX REL. GEBENINI v. WRIGHT, 43 Wn.2d 829, 830, 264 P.2d 1091 (1953). The grounds upon which such a writ may be granted are delineated in RCW 7.16.040, which provides:
" A writ of review shall be granted by any court . . . when an inferior tribunal, board or officer, exercising judicial functions, has exceeded the jurisdiction of such tribunal, board or officer, or one acting illegally, or to correct any erroneous or void proceeding, or a proceeding not according to the course of the common law, and there is no appeal, nor in the judgment of the court, any plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law. All the statutory prerequisites must be present before a writ of certiorari may be granted. BRIDLE TRAILS COMM'TY CLUB v. BELLEVUE, 45 Wn. App. 248, 252, 724 P.2d 1110 (1986). The trial court in the instant case properly declined to issue the writ because the District's action did not involve the exercise of a judicial function.
[1-3] This issue has been resolved by WILLIAMS v. SEATTLE SCH. DIST. 1, 97 Wn.2d 215, 643 P.2d 426 (1982). In the WILLIAMS case, the Seattle School District decided to eliminate certain principals' positions and transfer them to teaching positions. That transfer was accomplished by the same mechanism, RCW 28A.67.073, as was appellant's transfer. The employees in WILLIAMS sought superior court review of the decision to transfer them to teaching positions. Our Supreme Court held that those employees were not entitled to a writ of certiorari because a school district does not exercise a "judicial function" when transferring a principal to a teaching position by the mechanism of RCW 28A.67.073:
"The writ of certiorari is available only for review of actions "judicial" in nature. Our courts have developed a 4-part test for determining whether administrative action is quasi-judicial. That test is: (1) whether a court could have been charged with making the agency's decision; (2) whether the action is one which historically has been performed by courts; (3) whether the action involves the application of existing law to past or present facts for the purpose of declaring or enforcing liability; and (4) whether the action resembles the ordinary business of courts as opposed to that of legislators or administrators.
WASHINGTON FED'N OF STATE EMPLOYEES v. STATE PERSONNEL BD., 23 Wn. App. 142, 145-46, 594 P.2d 1375 (1979).
The procedural apparatus of RCW 28A.67.073 is only a shadow of a judicial hearing. When a superintendent transfers an administrator to a "subordinate certificated position", he or she must notify the employee of the reasons for the transfer and identify the position to which the administrator will be transferred. The administrator may then request "to meet informally with the board of directors in an executive session thereof for the purpose of requesting the board to reconsider the decision of the superintendent." Furthermore,
At such meeting the administrator shall be given the opportunity to refute any facts upon which the determination was based and to make any argument in support of his or her request for reconsideration. The administrator and the board may invite their respective legal counsel to be present and to participate at the meeting. The board shall notify the administrator in writing of its final decision within ten days following its meeting with the administrator.
RCW 28A.67.073. From this statute, respondents infer that a "hearing" must be convened to "review the Superintendent's exercise of administrative discretion." (Italics omitted.)
Brief of Respondents, at 10. From the statute, respondents derive a right of counsel, board responsibility to interpret the statute, determination of individual rights, and the making of a verbatim record. Thus, they conclude that the statute involves the ordinary business of the courts.
Respondents' inferences from the statute are not well supported by the language of the statute. No hearing is required; the statute provides only for an informal meeting with the board. While counsel may be present and participate in the meeting, the statute does not indicate that formal legal representation with direct and cross examination is permissible. The board need only interpret the statute to the extent it must decide whether the superintendent's decision was in the "best interests of the district."
No findings of fact need be rendered; no reasons need be articulated; no verbatim record is required. The board's reconsideration of the superintendent's decision is quite discretionary. While strict adherence to judicial process is not required to make an administrative tribunal's decision "quasi-judicial", correspondingly, the form in which the administrative body assembles itself for a hearing and the fact that it takes testimony and resolves disputed questions of fact and enters findings and conclusions, do not per se make its functions judicial or quasi-judicial rather than administrative.
GREEN v. COWLITZ CY. CIVIL SERV. COMM'N, 19 Wn. App. 210, 215, 577 P.2d 141 (1978).
The dispositive criterion for determining if the board's action is quasi-judicial is whether the board's determination of what is in the best interests of the district is easily susceptible to judicial review. The board need only "reconsider" whether the superintendent's decision is "in the best interests of the school district."
The written statement of its decision need not articulate reasons or justifications. Like the initial decision of the superintendent, the board's reconsideration is no more than an exercise of administrative discretion.
Applying the 4-part test of the FEDERATION case, we may concede to respondents that a court could have been charged with making the board's decision, and that historically such decisions have been considered judicial (the ancestor of RCW 28A.67.073, RCW 28A.67.070, articulates a judicial process). But the board's determination of what is in the best interests of the school district is not appropriately characterized as an application of law to fact, and the broad discretionary authority the statute confers upon the board does not resemble the ordinary business of the courts. (Footnote omitted.) WILLIAMS, at 218-21. Accordingly, appellant was not entitled to a statutory writ of certiorari.
Appellant attempts to distinguish WILLIAMS by pointing out that the District's decision to transfer principals in that case involved many employees and was motivated by economic concerns. Appellant agrees that the District's decision in that case was administrative in nature, but argues that her case was unlike WILLIAMS and judicial in nature because the decision to transfer her was based on her job performance. Appellant's distinction, however, makes no difference because the court's analysis in WILLIAMS pertained to whether the decision-making process created by RCW 28A.67.073 was judicial or administrative in nature. As can clearly be seen from the WILLIAMS analysis reproduced in full, SUPRA, the court's decision did not hinge on the substance of the Board's decision, but instead depended on the character of the decision making process created by RCW 28A.67.073. That process is not judicial in nature. Accordingly, the decision to transfer appellant, having been made pursuant to RCW 28A.67.073, was not reviewable by a statutory writ of certiorari. WILLIAMS, at 220.
Appellant also argues that she was entitled to a statutory writ because of alleged due process errors in the Board's application of RCW 28A.67.073. Even if such violations did occur, they do not justify the issuance of a writ because they are no substitute for the otherwise absent mandatory requirement that the underlying action taken by the District be judicial in character. The trial court did not err by refusing to issue the writ of certiorari in this case.
We next address appellant's argument that the court should have reviewed her allegations regarding the District's handling of her transfer under its inherent powers to review "administrative actions which may be deemed arbitrary and capricious or illegal". BRIDLE TRAILS COMM'TY CLUB v. BELLEVUE, 45 Wn. App. 248, 253, 724 P.2d 1110 (1986). Appellant raised this issue in the trial court in briefing and during oral argument in the hearing on the application for a writ. The trial court declined to review the matter under its inherent powers because appellant had an alternative remedy at law.
[4] The trial court's exercise of its inherent right to review administrative decisions is entirely discretionary. BRIDLE TRAILS, at 252. An application for the court to exercise this power "is rarely granted where a petitioner has failed to take advantage of another avenue of review without an adequate excuse." BRIDLE TRAILS, at 254.
Counsel for respondent argued to the trial court during the hearing on appellant's application for a writ that appellant had filed a second lawsuit alleging deprivation of federal rights under color of state law and petitioning the court to exercise its inherent power to review arbitrary, capricious, and illegal administrative actions. Appellant's counsel acknowledged the existence of this second lawsuit during the argument. The existence of this second lawsuit indicates that appellant has an adequate remedy at law to address her allegations, and the existence of that lawsuit provides a tenable basis for the trial court's decision not to exercise its inherent right of review at issue in this appeal. BRIDLE TRAILS, at 255.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
CONCURRING JUDGES:
Pekelis, J., and Williams, J. Pro Tem., concur.